Skip to main content
Download PDF

Gender-specific associations of serum sex hormone-binding globulin with features of metabolic syndrome in children

Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome volume 8, Article number: 22 (2016) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

Sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) has been proposed as a biomarker of MetS in children and adults. We aim to determine the associations of SHBG with components of MetS in children from the Middle-East where the prevalence of MetS are on the rise.

Methods

In this cross-sectional study, a total of 509 randomly selected school children (226 boys and 283 girls) aged 12–16 years were recruited. Fasting blood glucose and lipid profile were determined using routine laboratory procedures. Serum SHBG is measured with Cobas e411 using an electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. The modified definition of ATP-III (NHANES III) was used for the diagnosis of MetS.

Results

Among 509 children, 23.4 % had metabolic syndrome. Boys had a significantly higher waist circumference and systolic blood pressure (p < 0.032, 0.024, respectively) than girls, while levels of glucose (p < 0.029), and SHBG (p < 0.003) were significantly higher in girls than in boys. In overall population, a significant inverse correlation of SHBG level with age, BMI, systolic blood pressure and triglycerides and a significant direct correlation between SHBG level and HDL-c was exhibited. Children with the lowest tertile of serum SHBG had significantly higher prevalence of MetS (p < 0.05). ROC curve shows SHBG level as more sensitive marker of MetS in boys (AUC = 0.70, p < 0.001).

Conclusions

Serum SHBG is significantly more sensitive in identifying MetS in boys, not girls, indicating gender dimorphism.

Background

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is an assembly of several cardiometabolic risk factors (including central obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and hypertension) that may predispose towards the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) [1–4].

In recent years, there has been a great concern about the presence of obesity and metabolic syndrome in children. A recent systematic review that included 378 studies published since 2003 and, depending on different classifications, showed the median prevalence of MetS in children populations as 3.3 % (range 0–19.2 %), in overweight children 11.9 % (range 2.8–29.3 %), and in obese children 29.2 % (range 10–66 %) [5].

In the past few decades, Saudi Arabia has shown a very rapid development at both the economic and social fields. This change has brought about a shift of traditional Arabian diet to a more western dietary pattern predisposing adults and children to obesity, T2DM, and hypertension [6–9]. The latest national data revealed that the rates of overweight and obesity among Saudi school children have reached 21 and 9.3 %, respectively [10]. Taha et al. demonstrated that obese children and adolescents have multiple risk factors associated with MetS [11].

Sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) is a circulating glycoprotein involved in the transportation of sex steroids and is mainly synthesized by the liver [12, 13]. An association between SHBG levels with MetS have been observed in both men and women [14, 15]. Thus there are studies showing strong association of low levels of SHBG with obesity [16], insulin resistance [17] and MetS in men, women [18] and in pre-pubertal children [19]. Moreover, lipid profiles, such as low HDL-C and high triglycerides (TG) are associated with low SHBG level in the adult population [20, 21].

There are numerous studies in children and adolescents relating diabetes (types 1 and 2), cardiovascular risk factors and prevalence of MetS from different parts of the Saudi Arabia [9, 11, 22]. While previous researches have already been conducted on the role of SHBG and MetS even in children, there is limited data available on specific age-groups as well as the existence of gender dimorphism [23–27]. Thus, the main objective of our present study was to investigate the relation of SHBG levels and components of MetS and its potential as an early biomarker for MetS in Arab boys and girls 12–16 years of age.

Patients and methods

Subjects

The sample population of this cross-sectional study included 509 apparently healthy school children (226 boys and 283 girls), aged 12–16 years. Children with chronic diseases, such as type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and asthma, as well as those on medications that might influence the metabolic parameters of interest, were excluded. Subjects were recruited randomly from different Primary Health Care Centers (PHCC) across Riyadh as previously described [28]. Each participating subject submitted a general questionnaire containing demographic, past and present medical history, as well as diet information from the food frequency questionnaire. No expatriates will be included in the conduct of this study. All participants provided written informed consent prior to inclusion in the study. Approval was obtained from the Ethics Committee of the College of Science Research Center, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Anthropometric measurements

With parents’ written consent and oral ascent from the children, subjects were invited to their respective PHCC in a 10-h overnight fasted state. Anthropometric measurements included height (cm), weight (cm), waist (cm) and hip (cm) circumferences and were taken and noted by trained nurses. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures were taken using pediatric cuffs appropriate to the subject sizes and were taken twice with a 15-min interval. The average of both readings was recorded. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as weight (kg) over height in squared meters (m2).

Biochemical measurements

Fasting blood samples were collected and transferred immediately to a non-heparinized tube for centrifugation. Collected sera were then transferred into a pre-labeled plain tube, stored on ice and delivered to the Biomarkers Research Program (BRP) laboratory, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, on the same day of collection for immediate storage in a −20 °C freezer for immediate analyses. The blood samples were analyzed for fasting glucose and lipid profile including HDL-cholesterol, using a chemical analyzer (Konelab, Espoo, Finland). Serum SHBG was measured with a Roche Elecsys modular analytics Cobas e411 using an electrochemiluminescence immunoassay [ECLIA] (Roche Diagnostics, GmbH, Mannheim, Germany). The lower detection limit of this assay was 0.35 nmol/L and the intra-assay CV is 2.6–5.6 %.

Definition of metabolic syndrome

The pediatric definition of MetS by de Ferranti et al., which is analogous to the criteria by the Third Report of the Adult Treatment Panel (ATPIII, NHANES III), was used for this study [29]. MetS was defined as the presence of three out of five abnormalities: hypertriglyceridemia ≥1.1 mM; low HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) <1.3 Mm (boys aged 15–19 years, <1.17 mM); high fasting glucose ≥6.1 mM; central obesity >75th percentile for age and gender; and hypertension >90th percentile for age, gender and height.

Data analyses

Data were analyzed using SPSS (version 16.5 Chicago, IL, USA). Continuous data were presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD). Categorical data were presented as frequencies and percentages (%). All continuous variables were checked for normality using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test. Independent Student t test and Mann–Whitney U test were used for significance for Gaussian and Non-Gaussian variables. Triglycerides was log-transformed prior to all parametric analyses. Bivariate correlations and linear regressions were done to determine associations between SHBG and cardiometabolic parameters. Stepwise linear regression was done in all groups and by gender to determine significant predictors using SHBG as dependent variable and the cardiometabolic parameters assessed as independent variables. Area under the curve (AUC) was done to determine sensitivity of SHBG in predicting MetS and its p value was adjusted for multiple comparisons (Bonferroni corrected p value = 0.005). All tests were twotailed and p values set on thresholds required to achieve a type 1 error of 0.05. p value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

The anthropometric and biochemical variables of the 509 individuals are shown in Table 1. Based on ATPIII criteria, 23.4 % had MetS. A significant difference in control was observed with MetS children having a lower age (p < 0.001), BMI (p < 0.004), waist circumference (p < 0.009), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (p < 0.001, 0.001, respectively), total cholesterol (p < 0.001), glucose, HDL-C and TG (p < 0.000 for all) as well a significantly lower SHBG level (p < 0.006). Characteristics of the control group according to sex is presented in Additional file 1: Table S1.

Table 1 Descriptive statistics of clinical and metabolic characteristics of subject studied (control vs. metabolic syndrome)
Full size table

Boys with MetS, had significantly higher waist circumference and systolic blood pressure (p < 0.032, 0.024, respectively) than girls, while the levels of glucose (p < 0.029) and SHBG (p < 0.003) were significantly higher in girls than boys (Table 2).

Table 2 Clinical and metabolic characteristics of the metabolic syndrome groups (boys vs. girls)
Full size table

Table 3 represents the correlation of SHBG with various anthropometric and biochemical parameters in all subjects as well as in boys and girls. A significant inverse correlation of SHBG level with age, BMI, waist circumference, systolic blood pressure and TG (p < 0.01 for all) were observed in the overall population, while a significant direct correlation between SHBG level and HDL-C were also exhibited in overall group. Importantly, the gender stratification showed significant correlations of SHBG level with more parameters of MetS in boys than girls. Thus, in boys, significant inverse correlations of SHBG levels were observed with age, BMI, TG, systolic blood pressure (p < 0.01 all), and waist circumference (p < 0.05), while in girls correlations of SHBG were exhibited with BMI, systolic blood pressure (p < 0.01), and TG (p < 0.05). A significant direct correlation between SHBG level and HDL-C was noticed in both boys and girls.

Table 3 Correlation coefficients of SHBG with metabolic parameters for all subjects, boys and girls
Full size table

Stepwise linear regression showed that BMI, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, age and HDL-cholesterol cumulatively predicted 26.6 % (Adjusted R2 0.256; p < 0.001) of the variances perceived in circulating SHBG in all subjects. Splitting by sex revealed that in boys, the significant predictors for SHBG include BMI, systolic blood pressure and age (R2 0.31; p < 0.001) while in girls, the significant predictors were BMI and blood pressure (systolic and diastolic) (R2 0.19; p < 0.001) (not shown in tables).

Based on tertiles of SHBG levels, a decrease in the prevalence of MetS was observed in the overall and MetS group (Fig. 1). However, the effect was more pronounced and uniform in boys, showing the highest prevalence of MetS with the lowest tertile of SHBG levels, than girls. The ROC curves (Fig. 2) show that SHBG levels is a more sensitive marker of MetS, with significant values in overall subjects (AUC = 0.61, p < 0.001) and boys (AUC = 0.70, p < 0.001), but not in girls (AUC = 0.55 p = NS).

Fig. 1
figure 1

Prevalence of MetS based on tertiles of SHBG level. NS non-significant

Full size image
Fig. 2
figure 2

Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis curve using SHBG serum levels as a predictor of MetS

Full size image

Discussion

To our knowledge, this is the first study to report the gender dimorphic sensitivity of serum SHBG in identifying Arab children with MetS. The prevalence of MetS in our cohort was 23.4 % and differences in boys and girls were observed in the associations of cardiometabolic parameters to circulating SHBG. A significant inverse correlation of SHBG level with age, BMI, waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, and TG, and a positive correlation of HDL-C was observed. SHBG was associated in determining full MetS in boys, not girls.

In the year 2010, a cross-sectional observational study, based on the same definition to define MetS as the present one, including a total of 1231 Saudi children and adolescents demonstrated that the prevalence of MetS manifestations among Arab children is extremely high with overall prevalence of complete MetS as high as 9.4 % [22]. Although not a representative of the Saudi children population, this study demonstrated an alarmingly high prevalence of MetS in the Arab children, as high as 23.4 %. The main causative factors, such as overweight and obesity, which lead to increased prevalence of MetS and other non-communicable diseases in both children and adults, have been mainly contributed by unhealthy dietary patterns, low physical activity and, to some extent, the social norms of the society [30–33].

Important hormonal changes takes place during puberty age in boys and girls. Pinkney and colleagues demonstrated that SHBG level keeps increasing in the earlier stage of childhood with a gradual decline as they reach their age at puberty, and that this effect is predominant in boys [34]. Moreover, in a cross-sectional study performed by Garces and colleagues including pubertal children (age: 12–15 years), a significantly higher SHBG level was demonstrated in girls than boys, reinforcing that the sex and growth hormone variations during puberty manifests earlier in girls than boys of the same age. In addition, a significant inverse relation between testosterone and SHBG level was shown in boys, with a gradual increase with age, while this effect was not uniform in girls with SHBG levels not showing significant differences based on age groups [35]. This study includes boys and girls with advancing age and puberty and supports the above results, showing significantly lower SHBG levels in boys than girls in MetS.

The correlation results observed in our study are interesting in the way that they are associated with cardiometabolic risk factors in boys and girls. These results demonstrating an inverse correlation between age and SHBG level with a significant value in boys supports the findings of de Oya et al. [25], Pinkney et al. [34] and Sorensen et al. [36].

Insulin down-regulates hepatic SHBG production [19], while an inverse correlation between BMI and insulin sensitivity has been shown in various studies in obese children and adolescents [37, 38]. Our study demonstrating an inverse correlation between BMI and SHBG levels is also in accordance with previous investigations in children [39, 40]. Krishnasamy and colleagues demonstrated an inverse relation between SHBG levels and waist circumference, as well as body mass index percentile in children at risk for MetS [23]. Our study partially supports the above results showing a significant inverse correlation between SHBG levels and waist circumference but only in boys. There is evidence showing an inverse association between SHBG, BP and TG in adults and children [40, 41]. The studies also observed a direct association of SHBG with HDL-c level. Our study supports the above results showing a significant inverse correlation between SHBG, systolic BP and TG levels and a direct relation between SHBG with HDL-c levels in the MetS group including boys and girls. The lowest tertile of SHBG level showed a higher prevalence of MetS in boys, with a uniform inverse trend than girls. The possible explanation for this trend may the correlation of SHBG level with more MetS components as compared to girls. The ROC analysis also supports the above trend which shows SHBG as a clearer predictor of MetS components in boys than girls.

Conclusions

In conclusion, our study showed that SHBG is a sensitive predictor of metabolic syndrome in boys and not girls. This study is limited with its cross-sectional study design which prevents causality. The study is nevertheless one of the few to demonstrate significant gender dimorphism of SHBG’s influence in children of a specific age-group. The use of SHBG as a useful marker to identify boys with increased cardiometabolic risk is promising.

Abbreviations

AUC:

area under the curve

BMI:

body mass index

CVD:

cardiovascular diseases

HDL-C:

hdl-cholesterol

MetS:

metabolic syndrome

NS:

non-significant

PHCC:

Primary Health Care Center

SHBG:

sex hormone-binding globulin

T2DM:

type 2 diabetes mellitus

TG:

triglycerides

References

  1. Isomaa B. A major health hazard: the metabolic syndrome. Life Sci. 2003;73:2395–411.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Scott CL. Diagnosis, prevention, and intervention for the metabolic syndrome. Am J Cardiol. 2003;92:35i–42i.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Lakka HM, Laaksonen DE, Lakka TA, Niskanen LK, Kumpusalo E, Tuomilehto J, et al. The metabolic syndrome and total and cardiovascular disease mortality in middle-aged men. JAMA. 2002;288:2709–16.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Isomaa B, Almgren P, Tuomi T, Forsen B, Lahti K, Nissen M, et al. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality associated with the metabolic syndrome. Diabet Care. 2001;24:683–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Friend A, Craig L, Turner S. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in children: a systematic review of the literature. Metab Syndr Relat Disord. 2013;11:71–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Al-Hazzaa HM. Physical activity, fitness and fatness among Saudi children and adolescents: implications for cardiovascular health. Saudi Med J. 2002;23:144–50.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Musaiger AO. Overweight and obesity in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: can we control it? East Mediterr Health J. 2004;10:789–93.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Al-Daghri NM, Al-Othman A, Alkharfy KM, Alokail MS, Khan N, Alfawaz HA, et al. Assessment of selected nutrient intake and adipocytokine profile among Saudi children and adults. Endocr J. 2012;59:1057–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Al-Agha A, Ocheltree A, Shata N. Prevalence of hyperinsulinism, type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome among Saudi overweight and obese pediatric patients. Minerva Pediatr. 2012;64:623–31.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. El Mouzan MI, Al Herbish AS, Al Salloum AA, Al Omar AA, Qurachi MM. Regional variation in prevalence of overweight and obesity in Saudi children and adolescents. Saudi J Gastroenterol. 2012;18:129–32.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. Taha D, Ahmed O, bin Sadiq B. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk factors in a group of obese Saudi children and adolescents a hospital-based study. Ann Saudi Med. 2009;29:357–60.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. Hautanen A. Synthesis and regulation of sex hormone-binding globulin in obesity. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2000;24(Suppl 2):S64–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Haffner SM. Sex hormones, obesity, fat distribution, type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance: epidemiological and clinical correlation. Int J Obes Related Metab Disord. 2000;24(Suppl 2):S56–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Muller M, Grobbee DE, den Tonkelaar I, Lamberts SW, van der Schouw YT. Endogenous sex hormones and metabolic syndrome in aging men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90:2618–23.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Maggio M, Lauretani F, Ceda GP, Bandinelli S, Basaria S, Paolisso G, et al. Association of hormonal dysregulation with metabolic syndrome in older women: data from the InCHIANTI study. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2007;292:E353–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  16. Hajamor S, Despres JP, Couillard C, Lemieux S, Tremblay A, Prud’homme D, et al. Relationship between sex hormone-binding globulin levels and features of the metabolic syndrome. Metabolism. 2003;52:724–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Laaksonen DE, Niskanen L, Punnonen K, Nyyssonen K, Tuomainen TP, Salonen R, et al. Sex hormones, inflammation and the metabolic syndrome: a population-based study. Eur J Endocrinol. 2003;149:601–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Rodriguez A, Muller DC, Metter EJ, Maggio M, Harman SM, Blackman MR, et al. Aging, androgens, and the metabolic syndrome in a longitudinal study of aging. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92:3568–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Galloway PJ, Donaldson MD, Wallace AM. Sex hormone binding globulin concentration as a prepubertal marker for hyperinsulinaemia in obesity. Arch Dis Child. 2001;85:489–91.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Bataille V, Perret B, Evans A, Amouyel P, Arveiler D, Ducimetiere P, et al. Sex hormone-binding globulin is a major determinant of the lipid profile: the PRIME study. Atherosclerosis. 2005;179:369–73.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Pugeat M, Moulin P, Cousin P, Fimbel S, Nicolas MH, Crave JC, et al. Interrelations between sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), plasma lipoproteins and cardiovascular risk. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 1995;53:567–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Al-Daghri NM. Extremely high prevalence of metabolic syndrome manifestations among Arab youth: a call for early intervention. Eur J Clin Invest. 2010;40:1063–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Krishnasamy SS, Chang C, Wang C, Chandiramani R, Winters SJ. Sex hormone-binding globulin and the risk for metabolic syndrome in children of South Asian Indian origin. Endocr Pract. 2012;18:668–75.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Glueck CJ, Morrison JA, Daniels S, Wang P, Stroop D. Sex hormone-binding globulin, oligomenorrhea, polycystic ovary syndrome, and childhood insulin at age 14 years predict metabolic syndrome and class III obesity at age 24 years. J Pediatr. 2011;159:308–13.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. de Oya I, Schoppen S, Lasuncion MA, Lopez-Simon L, Riestra P, de Oya M, et al. Sex hormone-binding globulin levels and metabolic syndrome and its features in adolescents. Pediatr Diabet. 2010;11:188–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Agirbasli M, Agaoglu NB, Orak N, Caglioz H, Ocek T, Poci N, Salaj A, Maya S. Sex hormones and metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents. Metabolism. 2009;58:1256–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Sorensen K, Aksglaede L, Munch-Andersen T, Aachmann-Andersen NJ, Petersen JH, Helge JW, Juul A. Sex hormone-binding globulin levels predict insulin sensitivity, disposition index, and cardiovascular risk during puberty. Diabet Care. 2009;32(5):909–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Al-Daghri NM, Aljohani NJ, Al-Attas OS, Al-Saleh Y, Wani K, Alnaami AM, et al. Non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and other lipid indices ve elevated glucose risk in Arab adolescents. J Clin Lipidol. 2015;9:35–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. de Ferranti SD, Gauvreau K, Ludwig DS, Neufeld EJ, Newburger JW, Rifai N. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in American adolescents: findings from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Circulation. 2004;110:2494–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Al-Hazzaa HM, Abahussain NA, Al-Sobayel HI, Qahwaji DM, Musaiger AO. Physical activity, sedentary behaviors and dietary habits among Saudi adolescents relative to age, gender and region. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2011;8:140.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. Al-Hazzaa HM. Obesity and physical inactivity among saudi children and youth: challenges to future public health. J Family Community Med. 2006;13:53–4.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  32. Al-Daghri NM, Khan N, Alkharfy KM, Al-Attas OS, Alokail MS, Alfawaz HA, et al. Selected dietary nutrients and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in adult males and females in Saudi Arabia: a pilot study. Nutrients. 2013;5(11):4587–604.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  33. Abolfotouh MA, Al-Alwan IA, Al-Rowaily MA. Prevalence of metabolic abnormalities and association with obesity among Saudi college students. Int J Hypertens. 2012;2012:819726.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  34. Pinkney J, Streeter A, Hosking J, Mostazir M, Jeffery A, Wilkin T. Adiposity, chronic inflammation, and the prepubertal decline of sex hormone binding globulin in children: evidence for associations with the timing of puberty (Earlybird 58). J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99:3224–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Garces C, Oya I, Lasuncion MA, Lopez-Simon L, Cano B, de Oya M. Sex hormone-binding globulin and lipid profile in pubertal children. Metabolism. 2010;59:166–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Sorensen K, Andersson AM, Skakkebaek NE, Juul A. Serum sex hormone-binding globulin levels in healthy children and girls with precocious puberty before and during gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92:3189–96.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Sinha R, Fisch G, Teague B, Tamborlane WV, Banyas B, Allen K, et al. Prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance among children and adolescents with marked obesity. New Engl J Med. 2002;346:802–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Viner RM, Segal TY, Lichtarowicz-Krynska E, Hindmarsh P. Prevalence of the insulin resistance syndrome in obesity. Arch Dis Child. 2005;90(1):10–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  39. Birkebaek NH, Lange A, Holland-Fischer P, Kristensen K, Rittig S, Vilstrup H, et al. Effect of weight reduction on insulin sensitivity, sex hormone-binding globulin, sex hormones and gonadotrophins in obese children. Eur J Endocrinol. 2010;163:895–900.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Gascon F, Valle M, Martos R, Ruz FJ, Rios R, Montilla P, et al. Sex hormone-binding globulin as a marker for hyperinsulinemia and/or insulin resistance in obese children. Eur J Endocrinol. 2000;143:85–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Daka B, Rosen T, Jansson PA, Larsson CA, Rastam L, Lindblad U. Low sex hormone-binding globulin is associated with hypertension: a cross-sectional study in a Swedish population. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2013;13:30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors’ contributions

NMA conceptualized and designed the study, and approved the final manuscript as submitted. NK, OSA, and SS contributed in the preparation and edition of draft manuscript, carried out the initial analyses, reviewed and revised the manuscript, and approved the final manuscript as submitted. MSA, SS and SK edited, critically reviewed, All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Acknowledgements

The authors thank the Deanship of Scientific Research, Prolific Research Group Program (PRG-1436-15), Vice Rectorate for Graduate Studies and Scientific Research in King Saud University (KSU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia for funding the study. The authors are also grateful to Malak Nawaz Khan Kattak for the data analysis.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Prince Mutaib Chair for Biomarkers of Osteoporosis, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia

    Nasser M. Al-Daghri, Nasiruddin Khan, Shaun Sabico, Omar S. Al-Attas & Majed S. Alokail

  2. Biomarkers Research Program, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia

    Nasser M. Al-Daghri, Nasiruddin Khan, Shaun Sabico, Omar S. Al-Attas & Majed S. Alokail

  3. Division of Metabolic and Vascular Research, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV2 2DX, UK

    Sudhesh Kumar

Authors
  1. Nasser M. Al-Daghri
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Nasiruddin Khan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Shaun Sabico
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Omar S. Al-Attas
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Majed S. Alokail
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Sudhesh Kumar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Nasser M. Al-Daghri.

Additional file

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

Reprints and Permissions

About this article

Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Al-Daghri, N.M., Khan, N., Sabico, S. et al. Gender-specific associations of serum sex hormone-binding globulin with features of metabolic syndrome in children. Diabetol Metab Syndr 8, 22 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13098-016-0134-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13098-016-0134-8

Keywords

  • Sex hormone binding globulin
  • Metabolic syndrome
  • Arab children

Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome

ISSN: 1758-5996

Contact us