Effect of frailty, physical performance, and chronic kidney disease on mortality in older patients with diabetes : a retrospective longitudinal cohort study

Table 3 Predictors of all-cause mortality in older patients with diabetes with and without chronic kidney disease

	DM without CKD		DM with CKD
	Simple model 1	Multiple model 1	Simple model 2	Multiple model 2	Multiple model 3	Multiple model 4
	HR (95% CI)	HR (95% CI)	HR (95% CI)	HR (95% CI)	HR (95% CI)	HR (95% CI)
Age	1.00 (0.94–1.06)		1.03 (0.99–1.06)
Male vs. Female	1.05 (0.46–2.39)		0.97 (0.60–1.58)
CCI	1.44 (1.09–1.90)*	1.28 (0.89–1.83)	1.08 (0.88–1.32)
Comprehensive geriatric assessment
MNA-SF	0.86 (0.77–0.96)**	1.03 (0.83–1.27)	0.85 (0.80–0.91)**	1.00 (0.76–1.31)	0.97 (0.88–1.07)	0.94 (0.86–1.04)
RFI ≥ 0.313	5.28 (2.47–11.26)**	1.90 (0.54–6.64)	5.92 (3.44–10.18)**	4.01 (0.96–16.78)	4.77 (1.98–11.49)*	5.34 (2.23–12.80)**
TUG test	1.00 (0.93–1.06)		1.01 (0.99–1.03)
TUG test ≥ 21 s	1.05 (0.21–5.22)		2.50 (1.22–5.13)*	2.98 (0.84–10.51)
Prolonged 6 MW	0.02 (0.00-53.10)		0.03 (0.00-9.26)
Poor HGS	2.82 (0.70-11.31)		2.67 (1.12–6.37)*	1.17 (0.31–4.42)
Laboratory data
HgB	0.85 (0.71–1.03)		0.68 (0.60–0.76)**		0.76 (0.65–0.89)**	0.75 (0.64–0.87)**
Albumin	0.23 (0.13–0.43)**	0.19 (0.07–0.53)**	0.40 (0.31–0.52)**		0.67 (0.40–1.10)
Fasting glucose	1.01 (1.003–1.01)**	1.004 (1.0001-1.01)*	1.00 (1.00–1.00)
eGFR	0.98 (0.97-1.00)*	1.00 (0.99–1.02)	0.98 (0.97–0.99)**		0.99 (0.98–0.999)*	0.99 (0.98-1.00)
Proteinuria	0.99 (0.51–1.90)		1.15 (1.04–1.26)**		0.96 (0.84–1.09)	1.00 (0.88–1.13)

*P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; Multiple model 1 in DM without CKD: The Cox proportional hazard model was used to evaluate the association of all-cause mortality with multivariate analysis among the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI), mini-nutritional assessment-short form (MNA-SF), Rockwood frailty index (RFI) ≥ 0.313, serum albumin, glucose, and eGFR. Multiple model 2 in DM with CKD: The Cox proportional hazard model was used to evaluate the association of all-cause mortality with multivariate analysis among MNA-SF, RFI ≥ 0.313, timed up and go (TUG) test ≥ 21 s, and abnormal handgrip strength (HGS). Multiple model 3 in DM with CKD: The Cox proportional hazard model was used to evaluate the association of all-cause mortality with multivariate analysis among MNA-SF, RFI ≥ 0.313, serum HgB, albumin, eGFR, and proteinuria. Multiple model 4 in DM with CKD: The Cox proportional hazard model was used to evaluate the association of all-cause mortality with multivariate analysis among MNA-SF, RFI ≥ 0.313, serum HgB, eGFR, and proteinuria. Prolonged 6 MW (F > 17.51/M > 8.95 s); Poor HGS (F < 10.57/M < 20.4 kg). 6 MW 6-meter walking test, HGS handgrip strength, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, eGFR calculated by using modified Modification diet of renal disease (MDRD) formula, was utilized to evaluate renal function.

ISSN: 1758-5996