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Table 2 Comparison between survivors and deceased older patients with diabetes with and without chronic kidney disease

From: Effect of frailty, physical performance, and chronic kidney disease on mortality in older patients with diabetes : a retrospective longitudinal cohort study

 

Alive (n = 804)

Dead (n = 117)

P value

Age (years)

83.0 (77.9–86.8)

84.4 (78.7–87.6)

0.077

Male

593 (73.8)

87 (74.4)

0.979

Chronic kidney disease

470 (58.5)

90 (76.9)

< 0.001

BMI (kg/m2)

24.0 (21.6–26.6)

23.6 (21.1–27.0)

0.534

Comorbidities

    

 Dementia

254 (31.6)

32 (27.4)

0.412

 Hypertension

732 (91.0)

111 (94.9)

0.226

 Hyperlipidemia

412 (51.2)

68 (58.1)

0.196

 Heart failuref

28 (3.5)

6 (5.1)

0.426

 Cardiovascular disease

241 (30.0)

37 (31.6)

0.799

 COPD

339 (42.2)

64 (54.7)

0.014

 CCI

1.0 (1.0–2.0)

2.0 (0.0–3.0)

0.649

Geriatric assessment

     

 MNA-SF (0 to 14)

12.0 (10.0–14.0)

11.0 (8.3–13.0)

0.002

 TUG test ≥ 21 s (n = 430)

117 (29.9)

18 (47.4)

0.041

 Poor HGS (F < 10.57/M < 20.4 kg) (n = 309)

107 (38.4)

18 (60.0)

0.036

 Prolonged 6 MW (F > 17.51/M > 8.95 s) (n = 260)

87 (35.4)

0 (0.0)

0.003

 Rockwood frailty index

0.27 (0.21–0.33)

0.37 (0.31–0.44)

< 0.001

 Non-frail (0–0.10)

19 (2.4)

0 (0.0)

< 0.001

 Pre-frail (> 0.10–0.21)

193 (24.0)

4 (3.4)

 

 Frail (> 0.21)

592 (73.6)

113 (96.6)

 

 Rockwood frailty index ≥ 0.313

258 (32.1)

88 (75.2)

< 0.001

CKD stage

    

< 0.001

 Non-CKD

334 (41.5)

27 (23.1)

 

 Stage 1–2

187 (23.3)

24 (20.5)

 

 Stage 3

208 (25.9)

31 (26.5)

 

 Stage 4

49 (6.1)

13 (11.1)

 

Stage 5

26 (3.2)

22 (18.8)

 

Laboratory data

     

 HgB (g/dL)

12.4 (11.1–13.6)

11.0 (9.2–12.6)

< 0.001

 Albumin (g/dL)

3.9 (3.4–4.2)

3.4 (2.9–3.8)

< 0.001

 Fasting glucose (mg/dL)

126.0 (102.0-172.5)

145.0 (105.5–207.0)

0.009

 Hba1c (%)

6.5 (5.9–7.5)

6.6 (5.8–7.4)

0.975

 eGFR (ml/min per 1.73 m2)

63.8 (45.1–82.2)

41.9 (19.5–69.3)

< 0.001

 Proteinuria (mg/g)

0.17 (0.09–0.50)

0.36 (0.14–0.89)

0.002

Medications (n = 454)

     

 Biguanide (n = 454)

201 (53.0)

25 (33.3)

0.003

 SU (n = 454)

175 (46.2)

31 (41.3)

0.521

 Insulin (n = 454)

202 (53.3)

54 (72.0)

0.004

 DPP4i (n = 454)

137 (36.2)

23 (30.7)

0.438

 Meglitinide (n = 454)

45 (11.9)

10 (13.3)

0.873

 Thiazolidinedione (n = 454)

31 (8.2)

4 (5.3)

0.544

 Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors (n = 454)

45 (11.9)

7 (9.3)

0.665

  1. Continuous data are expressed as median (IQR, interquartile range) and analyzed by the Mann-Whitney U test. Categorical data are expressed as number and percentage and analyzed by the Chi-Square test. BMI body mass index, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, CCI Charlson Comorbidity Index, MNA-SF mini-nutritional assessment-short form, TUG timed up and go, HGS handgrip strength, 6 MW 6-meter walking, CKD chronic kidney disease, HgB hemoglobin, Hba1c glycated hemoglobin, LDL-C low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, SU sulphonylurea, DPP4i dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors. eGFR, calculated by using modified the Modification Diet of Renal Disease (MDRD) formula, was utilized to evaluate renal function. The presence of cardiovascular diseases, i.e., coronary artery disease, stroke, congestive heart failure, arrhythmia and peripheral arterial disease was determined using patient medical records
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Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome

ISSN: 1758-5996

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