Table 1 Baseline characteristics of older patients with diabetes without and with chronic kidney disease

Age (years)

83.2

(78.1–86.9)

82.4

(77.3–86.3)

83.4

(78.4–87.0)

0.085

Male

680

(73.8)

252

(69.8)

428

(76.4)

0.031

BMI (kg/m²)

23.9

(21.5–26.6)

23.8

(21.5–26.5)

24.0

(21.5–26.8)

0.583

Comorbidities

 Dementia

286

(31.1)

103

(28.5)

183

(32.7)

0.210

 Hypertension

843

(91.5)

309

(85.6)

534

(95.4)

< 0.001

 Hyperlipidemia

480

(52.1)

159

(44.0)

321

(57.3)

< 0.001

 Heart failure

34

(3.7)

12

(3.3)

22

(3.9)

0.767

 Cardiovascular disease

278

(30.2)

105

(29.1)

173

(30.9)

0.610

 COPD

403

(43.8)

120

(33.2)

283

(50.5)

< 0.001

 CCI

1.0

(1.0–2.0)

1.0

(1.0–2.0)

2.0

(1.0–2.0)

0.362

Geriatric assessment

 MNA-SF (0 to 14)

12.0

(9.5–14.0)

12.0

(9.0–14.0)

12.0

(10.0–14.0)

0.929

 TUG test ≥ 21 s (n = 430)

135

(31.4)

39

(24.8)

96

(35.2)

0.035

 Poor HGS (F < 10.57/M < 20.4 kg) (n = 309)

125

(40.5)

52

(44.1)

73

(38.2)

0.369

 Prolonged 6 MW (F > 17.51/M > 8.95 s) (n = 260)

87

(33.5)

39

(35.1)

48

(32.2)

0.718

 Rockwood frailty index

0.28

(0.21–0.35)

0.24

(0.17–0.29)

0.31

(0.25–0.38)

< 0.001

 Non-frail (0–0.10)

19

(2.1)

16

(4.4)

3

(0.5)

< 0.001

 Pre-frail (> 0.10–0.21)

197

(21.4)

129

(35.7)

68

(12.1)

 Frail (> 0.21)

705

(76.6)

216

(59.8)

489

(87.3)

 Rockwood frailty index ≥0.313

346

(37.6)

68

(18.8)

278

(49.6)

< 0.001

Laboratory data

 HgB (g/dL)

12.3

(10.8–13.5)

12.7

(11.1–13.9)

12.0

(10.6–13.3)

< 0.001

 Albumin (g/dL)

3.8

(3.4–4.2)

3.8

(3.4–4.3)

3.8

(3.3–4.2)

0.916

 Fasting glucose (mg/dL)

128.0

(102.0-177.3)

131.0

(104.0-179.0)

126.0

(101.0-175.0)

0.262

 Hba1c (%)

6.5

(5.9–7.5)

6.6

(5.9–7.5)

6.5

(5.9–7.4)

0.878

 LDL-C (mg/dL)

94.0

(74.0-117.0)

95.0

(93.8-116.3)

94.0

(75.0-118.0)

0.953

eGFR (ml/min per 1.73 m²)

< 0.001

 ≥ 90

153

(16.6)

107

(29.6)

46

(8.2)

 60 ≤ eGFR < 90

419

(45.5)

254

(70.4)

165

(29.5)

 30 ≤ eGFR < 60

239

(26.0)

0

(0.0)

239

(42.7)

 15 ≤ eGFR < 30

62

(6.7)

0

(0.0)

62

(11.1)

 eGFR < 15

48

(5.2)

0

(0.0)

48

(8.6)

 Proteinuria (mg/g)

0.18

(0.10–0.57)

0.17

(0.09–0.53)

0.21

(0.12–0.80)

0.118

Medications (n = 454)

 Biguanide (n = 454)

226

(49.8)

103

(66.0)

123

(41.3)

< 0.001

 SU (n = 454)

206

(45.4)

76

(48.7)

130

(43.6)

0.349

 Insulin (n = 454)

256

(56.4)

84

(53.9)

172

(57.7)

0.490

 DPP4i (n = 454)

160

(35.2)

51

(32.7)

109

(36.6)

0.472

 Meglitinide (n = 454)

55

(12.1)

11

(7.1)

44

(14.8)

0.025

 Thiazolidinedione (n = 454)

35

(7.7)

16

(10.3)

19

(6.4)

0.198

 Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors (n = 454)

52

(11.5)

11

(7.1)

41

(13.8)

0.048