Skip to main content

Effect of sodium–glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors on the levels of serum asprosin in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus

Abstract

Background

Asprosin, a novel adipokine that raises glucose levels and stimulates appetite, has been proved to be pathologically increased in populations predisposed to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), obesity, and cardiovascular diseases. The mechanisms of sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors for hypoglycemic effect and cardiovascular protection have not been fully clarified. Therefore, we conducted this study to assess change in the levels of serum asprosin after treatment with SGLT2 inhibitors in patients with newly diagnosed T2DM.

Methods

This study was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. A total of 29 participants with newly diagnosed T2DM with body mass index (BMI) ≥ 23.0 kg/m2 and haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels of 58–85 mmol/mol (7.5–10%) were randomized to SGLT2 inhibitors dapagliflozin 10 mg/d (n = 19) or placebo (n = 10) treatment for 24 weeks. We analyzed asprosin concentrations by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Besides, body weight, BMI, HbA1c, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), and lipid levels were measured at baseline and 24 weeks.

Results

At 24 weeks, participants with SGLT2 inhibitors treatment exhibited lower levels of serum asprosin (22.87 vs 45.06 ng/ml in the placebo group; P < 0.001) after adjusting for baseline values. The levels of body weight, BMI, HbA1c, FPG, and triglyceride (TG) were decreased, while high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) was increased after SGLT2 inhibitors dapagliflozin treatment compared with placebo (P < 0.05 for all). Low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) and total cholesterol (TC) levels were unchanged in the SGLT2 inhibitors group and placebo group. No statistical correlation was found between the levels of serum asprosin and body weight, BMI, HbA1c, FPG, and lipid levels during the SGLT2 inhibitor dapagliflozin treatment.

Conclusions

These findings indicated that SGLT2 inhibitors can lower serum asprosin levels and improve glucolipid and weight in patients with newly diagnosed T2DM, which may benefit the cardiovascular system.

Trial registration CTR20131268; Registered 20 March 2014 CTR20150102; Registered 03 March 2015. http://www.chinadrugtrials.org.cn/clinicaltrials.searchlistdetail.dhtml.

Background

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a serious chronic metabolic disease that puts a heavy burden on human health and social development worldwide [1]. Continuous hyperglycemia in T2DM patients induces harmful complications. Among them, Cardiovascular diseases are the major diabetic complications and increase mortality of patients with T2DM [2]. Additionally, T2DM patients are commonly accompanied by other cardiovascular disease risk factors, such as obesity and dyslipidemia [3]. Therefore, the focus on T2DM treatment has changed, showing as from "only hypoglycemia” to “comprehensive management of multiple risk factors”.

Asprosin, a novel adipokine, has been proved to be pathologically increased in patients with T2DM and obesity [4]. Asprosin is secreted by white adipose tissue, which acts on the liver, promotes hepatic glucose production, and raises glucose levels [5], and activates orexigenic agouti-related peptide (AgRP) neurons to stimulate appetite and accumulate adiposity and body weight [6]. Recently, the available evidence on the association of asprosin and cardiovascular diseases has also been discovered. Asprosin may be used as a biomarker to predict unstable angina pectoris and is shown that positively correlated with the degree of coronary stenosis [7]. Furthermore, its molecular mechanisms and function have been explored in other cardiovascular diseases, such as dilated cardiomyopathy [8] and myocardial infarction [9]. Thus, we hypothesize that asprosin is expected to be a therapeutic target for various metabolic diseases, particularly obesity, T2DM and cardiovascular diseases.

Sodium–glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, a new type of hypoglycemic agent, selectively act on proximal renal tubules SGLT2 to inhibit glucose reabsorption and promote the excretion of glucose from the urine, which is independent of insulin resistance and islet function [10]. Several SGLT2 inhibitors are effective in controlling plasma glucose, including the improvement of hemoglobin (HbA1c) and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) [11,12,13]. Importantly, SGLT2 inhibitors have been confirmed their effects on weight loss [14] and cardiovascular protection [15]. These effects incompletely depend on the hypoglycemic effect, which has some unique mechanisms that may affect the levels of adipokines such as leptin and adiponectin involved in cardiovascular disease [16, 17]. Therefore, we evaluated the change in the levels of serum asprosin after SGLT2 inhibitors treatment in patients diagnosed newly T2DM, which may benefit to explain its mechanisms for cardiovascular system protection.

Methods

Participants

This study was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial and was performed in the department of endocrinology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University. Participants with newly diagnosed T2DM following the WHO diagnostic criteria (1999) [18] and drug-naïve type 2 diabetes, had HbA1c levels between 58 and 85 mmol/mol (7.5% –10%), body mass index (BMI) ≥ 23.0 kg/m2. The key exclusion criteria were severe hepatic and renal dysfunction, acute diabetic complication, suffered from acute or chronic pancreatitis at any time, have received or planned to undergo gastric bypass bariatric surgery or restrictive bariatric surgery during the study period, or long-term use of drugs that directly affect the motility of the gastrointestinal tract. We enrolled 29 participants, all of them completed the study. The protocol and informed consent document were approved by the ethics committee of Nanjing First Hospital, and all participants gave written informed consent before enrolling in the study.

Study design and laboratory analyses

Eligible participants were assigned randomly to receive one of two treatments with dapagliflozin 10 mg/day or placebo, all are taken orally before breakfast every day. All participants have received instructions on a similar level of physical activity and the same nutritional value and equivalent energy intake of meals, and the original lipid-lowering and anti-hypertensive programs were maintained during the period.

At the beginning and end of 24 weeks of treatment, height, weight, and blood pressure of all participants were measured by a trained and certified nurse using standard protocols and techniques. After an overnight fast, fasting blood samples were acquired for the measurement of asprosin, FPG, HbA1c, and lipid profiles in all participants. Serum asprosin was determined by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit from Eiaab Science INC. Wuhan, China (Catalogue Numbers, E15190h). The kit had a sensitivity of 0.938 ng/mL, with a range between 1.563 ng/mL and 100 ng/mL. The intra-assay coefficient of variation is 6.6% and the inter-assay coefficient of variations 7.6%. The plasma glucose level was assessed by glucose oxidase method using an automatic biochemistry analyzer (HITACHI-7180, Tokyo, Japan), HbA1c was measured by high-pressure liquid chromatography (BIO-RADD-10 TM, California, USA), and lipid profiles were assessed by enzymatic colorimetric assay using an automatic biochemistry analyzer (HITACHI-7180, Tokyo, Japan). BMI was calculated by weight divided by the square of height (kg/m2). All these tests were done in the clinical laboratory of Nanjing First Hospital.

Statistical analyses

All analyses were conducted using SPSS 26.0. all variables were tested for normal distribution by the Shapiro–Wilk test. Data conforming to the normal distribution were expressed as means ± standard deviation (SD). Paired t-test and independent-samples t-test were used to compare differences with groups. Data for non-normal distribution were expressed as the median and interquartile range (IQR), Mann–Whitney U test was used in the comparisons between groups. Pearson analysis in normal distribution variables and Spearman analysis in non-normal distribution variables were performed to identify the correlation between clinical and metabolic parameters. All comparisons were 2-sided at the 5% significance level. P value < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.

Results

Baseline characteristics

The study population consisted of 19 participants with T2DM in the dapagliflozin group and 10 in the placebo group. The demographic and baseline characteristics of study participants were balanced between two groups (Table 1).

Table 1 Baseline clinical characteristics of participants

Effects of SGLT2 inhibitors on the levels of serum asprosin

At 24 weeks, the median levels of serum asprosin were significantly decreased in the dapagliflozin group from 36.88 to 22.87 ng/ml (P < 0.001). Furthermore, the median levels of serum asprosin with dapagliflozin treatment were significantly reduced to 22.87 ng/ml compared with 45.06 ng/ml with placebo treatment at 24 weeks (P < 0.001) (Fig. 1a).

Fig.1
figure 1

Change from baseline in asprosin, body weight, body mass index (BMI), glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) levels in the sodium–glucose transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors and placebo group at baseline, 12 weeks and 24 weeks. *P < 0.01, **P < 0.001

Effects of SGLT2 inhibitors on body weight and BMI

Modest but no significant changes were observed in body weight and BMI at 12 weeks in participants treated with dapagliflozin compared that of placebo (− 2.80 versus − 1.00 kg, and − 0.71 versus − 0.35 kg/m2; P > 0.05 for both). But these clear declines were significant at 24 weeks in the dapagliflozin group compared with the placebo group (− 5.83 versus − 1.06 kg and − 2.08 versus − 0.42 kg/m2; P < 0.05 for both) (Fig. 1b, c).

Effects of SGLT2 inhibitors on glucose control

Decreased in HbA1c levels and FPG concentrations were both notable in the treatment group (Fig. 1d, e). At week 12 and 24, median changes from baseline in HbA1c levels were significant in the SGLT2 inhibitor group [− 12.13 mmol/mol (− 1.11%) and − 14.20 mmol/mol (− 1.30%), respectively] compared with the control group [− 3.60 mmol/mol (− 0.33%) and− 4.48 mmol/mol (− 0.41%); P < 0.001 and P < 0.05, respectively]. Compared with the placebo group, the treatment group exhibited a significantly greater reduction in FPG concentrations after 12 weeks and 24 weeks [(− 1.34 and − 1.64 mmol/L) versus (0.04 and 1.10 mmol/L), P = 0.005 and P < 0.001].

Effects of SGLT2 inhibitors on lipids metabolism

Lipid metabolism measurements, including total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) were assessed at baseline and 24 weeks. Decreased TG levels and increased HDL-C levels were detected with dapagliflozin treatment (− 0.34 mmol/L and 0.40 mmol/L, P < 0.05 for both). The differences in TC and LDL-C levels were both no statistically significant between the SGLT2 inhibitors group and the placebo group. (Table 2).

Table 2 Changes in lipids parameters at 24 weeks between groups with different treatment.

Correlation analyses

Linear correlation analysis indicated that the lower levels of serum asprosin were not related to the change in body weight, BMI and glycolipid parameters.

Discussion

There are several possible explanations for decreased serum asprosin and improved glucose levels with SGLT2 inhibitors treatment. Firstly, serum aspsorin is directly related to glucose metabolism and may be used as a potential therapeutic target for patients with T2DM. Zhang [4] found that the increased morbidity of T2DM is accompanied by higher asprosin levels and serum asprosin independently was associated with FPG and TG. Other clinical trials have analyzed that serum asprosin levels in healthy volunteers are significantly lower than those of patients with T2DM [19]. These results indicate that improved glucose levels are accompanied by deceased asprosin levels, which is consistent with results in our study. Secondly, Xu [20] reported the SGLT 2 inhibitors can increase the utilization of white adipose tissue, which is likely to explain the loss of body weight in patients treated with SGLT2 inhibitors in the current study and various randomized controlled trials [21, 22]. These affect SGLT2 inhibitors on enhancing adipose tissue expenditure, which could reduce the synthesis and release of asprosin that is secreted by white adipose tissue. Therefore, the lower levels of serum asprosin in the SGLT2 inhibitors group than in the placebo group after 24 weeks of treatment.

It is clear that mechanisms of asprosin are related to obesity, glucose, and lipid metabolism. Meanwhile, all of these are not good for cardiovascular system structure and function, particularly in patients with T2DM [23]. Actually, serum asprosin was found in the liver, brain tissue, and heart tissue in diabetic rats [24]. Besides animal experiments, a clinical study detected the direct relationship between serum asprosin and coronary artery stenosis in acute coronary syndrome people with unstable angina pectoris, their results showed that there was a significant positive correlation and asprosin may be the first biochemical marker for predicting the severity of unstable angina pectoris [7]. Thus, to some extent, decreased levels of serum asprosin are beneficial to the cardiovascular system in patients with T2DM.

SGLT2 inhibitors are distinguished from traditional hypoglycemic drugs because of their unique hypoglycemic effect and excellent cardiovascular protection [25, 26]. However, the cardiovascular protective mechanism of SGLT2 inhibitors is not completely understood [27]. Previous studies have found that SGLT2 inhibitors may benefit the cardiovascular system through reduced atrial natriuretic peptide and brain natriuretic peptide levels [28, 29]. Notwithstanding, researches have shown that adipokines involved in heart failure could be regulated by SGLT2 inhibitors [17, 30]. In the present study, the SGLT2 inhibitors reduced serum asprosin levels in patients with newly diagnosed T2DM, which may benefit to explain its mechanisms for cardiovascular system protection.

There are some limitations to the current study that should be taken into consideration. First, the study population was not large enough and the research time was relatively short. Second, more clinical parameters for explaining the mechanism of serum asprosin should be detected, such as waist-hip circumference and body fat analysis. Third, it is unknown whether better effects would be seen with different SGLT2 inhibitors dosage.

Conclusions

In conclusion, we showed that SGLT2 inhibitors SGLT2 inhibitors can lower serum asprosin levels and improve glucolipid and weight in patients with newly diagnosed T2DM, which may benefit the cardiovascular system.

Availability of data and materials

All data generated and/or analyzed during this study are available from the corresponding authors upon reasonable request.

Abbreviations

T2DM:

Type 2 diabetes mellitus

SGLT2:

Sodium–glucose co-transporter-2

BMI:

Body mass index

HbA1c:

Hemoglobin A1c

FPG:

Fasting plasma glucose

TG:

Triglyceride

HDL-C:

Lipoprotein-cholesterol

LDL-C:

Low density lipoprotein-cholesterol

TC:

Total cholesterol

AgRP:

Agouti-related peptide

SD:

Means ± standard deviation

IQR:

Interquartile range

References

  1. Cho NH, Shaw JE, Karuranga S, Huang Y, da Rocha Fernandes JD, Ohlrogge AW, Malanda B. IDF Diabetes Atlas: global estimates of diabetes prevalence for 2017 and projections for 2045. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2018;138:271–81.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. American Diabetes Association Addendum.10. Cardiovascular disease and risk management: standards of medical care in diabetes—2020. Diabetes Care. 2020;43(Suppl 1):S111–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Van Gaal LF, Mertens IL, De Block CE. Mechanisms linking obesity with cardiovascular disease. Nature. 2006;444(7121):875–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Zhang L, Chen C, Zhou N, Fu Y, Cheng X. Circulating asprosin concentrations are increased in type 2 diabetes mellitus and independently associated with fasting glucose and triglyceride. Clin Chim Acta. 2019;489:183–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Romere C, Duerrschmid C, Bournat J, Constable P, Jain M, Xia F, Saha PK, Del Solar M, Zhu B, York B, et al. Asprosin, a fasting-induced glucogenic protein hormone. Cell. 2016;165(3):566–79.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Duerrschmid C, He Y, Wang C, Li C, Bournat JC, Romere C, Saha PK, Lee ME, Phillips KJ, Jain M, et al. Asprosin is a centrally acting orexigenic hormone. Nat Med. 2017;23(12):1444–53.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Acara AC, Bolatkale M, Kızıloğlu İ, İbişoğlu E, Can Ç. A novel biochemical marker for predicting the severity of ACS with unstable angina pectoris: asprosin. Am J Emerg Med. 2018;36(8):1504–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Wen MS, Wang CY, Yeh JK, Chen CC, Tsai ML, Ho MY, Hung KC, Hsieh IC. The role of asprosin in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2020;20(1):402.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Zhang Z, Tan Y, Zhu L, Zhang B, Feng P, Gao E, Xu C, Wang X, Yi W, Sun Y. Asprosin improves the survival of mesenchymal stromal cells in myocardial infarction by inhibiting apoptosis via the activated ERK1/2-SOD2 pathway. Life Sci. 2019;231:116554.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Vallon V. The mechanisms and therapeutic potential of SGLT2 inhibitors in diabetes mellitus. Annu Rev Med. 2015;66:255–70.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Aronson R, Frias J, Goldman A, Darekar A, Lauring B, Terra SG. Long-term efficacy and safety of ertugliflozin monotherapy in patients with inadequately controlled T2DM despite diet and exercise: VERTIS MONO extension study. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2018;20(6):1453–60.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Cefalu WT, Leiter LA, Yoon KH, Arias P, Niskanen L, Xie J, Balis DA, Canovatchel W, Meininger G. Efficacy and safety of canagliflozin versus glimepiride in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with metformin (CANTATA-SU): 52 week results from a randomised, double-blind, phase 3 non-inferiority trial. Lancet. 2013;382(9896):941–50.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Bailey CJ, Gross JL, Pieters A, Bastien A, List JF. Effect of dapagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes who have inadequate glycaemic control with metformin: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2010;375(9733):2223–33.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Cai X, Yang W, Gao X, Chen Y, Zhou L, Zhang S, Han X, Ji L. The association between the dosage of SGLT2 inhibitor and weight reduction in type 2 diabetes patients: a meta-analysis. Obesity. 2018;26(1):70–80.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Heerspink HJ, Perkins BA, Fitchett DH, Husain M, Cherney DZ. Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors in the treatment of diabetes mellitus: cardiovascular and kidney effects, potential mechanisms, and clinical applications. Circulation. 2016;134(10):752–72.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Packer M. Do sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors prevent heart failure with a preserved ejection fraction by counterbalancing the effects of leptin? A novel hypothesis. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2018;20(6):1361–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Garvey WT, Van Gaal L, Leiter LA, Vijapurkar U, List J, Cuddihy R, Ren J, Davies MJ. Effects of canagliflozin versus glimepiride on adipokines and inflammatory biomarkers in type 2 diabetes. Metabolism. 2018;85:32–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Metcalf PA, Scragg RK. Comparison of WHO and ADA criteria for diagnosis of glucose status in adults. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2000;49(2–3):169–80.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Zhang X, Jiang H, Ma X, Wu H. Increased serum level and impaired response to glucose fluctuation of asprosin is associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Diabetes Investig. 2020;11(2):349–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Xu L, Nagata N, Nagashimada M, Zhuge F, Ni Y, Chen G, Mayoux E, Kaneko S, Ota T. SGLT2 inhibition by empagliflozin promotes fat utilization and browning and attenuates inflammation and insulin resistance by polarizing M2 macrophages in diet-induced obese mice. EBioMedicine. 2017;20:137–49.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Rosenstock J, Vico M, Wei L, Salsali A, List JF. Effects of dapagliflozin, an SGLT2 inhibitor, on HbA(1c), body weight, and hypoglycemia risk in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on pioglitazone monotherapy. Diabetes Care. 2012;35(7):1473–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Yoshida A, Matsubayashi Y, Nojima T, Suganami H, Abe T, Ishizawa M, Fujihara K, Tanaka S, Kaku K, Sone H. Attenuation of weight loss through improved antilipolytic effect in adipose tissue via the SGLT2 inhibitor tofogliflozin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2019;104(9):3647–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Poirier P, Giles TD, Bray GA, Hong Y, Stern JS, Pi-Sunyer FX, Eckel RH. Obesity and cardiovascular disease: pathophysiology, evaluation, and effect of weight loss: an update of the 1997 American Heart Association Scientific Statement on Obesity and Heart Disease from the Obesity Committee of the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism. Circulation. 2006;113(6):898–918.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Kocaman N, Kuloğlu T. Expression of asprosin in rat hepatic, renal, heart, gastric, testicular and brain tissues and its changes in a streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus model. Tissue Cell. 2020;66:101397.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. McMurray JJV, Solomon SD, Inzucchi SE, Køber L, Kosiborod MN, Martinez FA, Ponikowski P, Sabatine MS, Anand IS, Bělohlávek J, et al. Dapagliflozin in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction. N Engl J Med. 2019;381(21):1995–2008.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Zinman B, Wanner C, Lachin JM, Fitchett D, Bluhmki E, Hantel S, Mattheus M, Devins T, Johansen OE, Woerle HJ, et al. Empagliflozin, cardiovascular outcomes, and mortality in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(22):2117–28.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Cherney DZ, Odutayo A, Aronson R, Ezekowitz J, Parker JD. Sodium glucose cotransporter-2 inhibition and cardiorenal protection: JACC review topic of the week. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;74(20):2511–24.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Wang Y, Xu L, Yuan L, Li D, Zhang Y, Zheng R, Liu C, Feng X, Li Q, Li Q, et al. Sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors suppress atrial natriuretic peptide secretion in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes. Diabetic Med. 2016;33(12):1732–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Feng X, Gu Q, Gao G, Yuan L, Li Q, Zhang Y. The plasma levels of atrial natriuretic peptide and brain natriuretic peptide in type 2 diabetes treated with sodium—glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor. Ann Endocrinol. 2020;81(5):476–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Fasshauer M, Blüher M. Adipokines in health and disease. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2015;36(7):461–70.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We are grateful to AstraZeneca for providing the dapagliflozin and matching placebo.

Funding

This study was funded by the Jiangsu Natural Science Foundation (BK20171121) and the Nanjing Medical Science and Technique Development Foundation (YKK18230).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Contributions

QL and YS conceived and designed the study; LY, YZ, and ZF performed data collection; AJ and ZF performed statistical analysis; AJ and QL wrote and revised the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Qian Li or Yuqing She.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

This study was approved by the ethics committee of Nanjing First Hospital and all participants provided written informed consent.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Qian Li and Yuqing She—co-corresponding authors

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Jiang, A., Feng, Z., Yuan, L. et al. Effect of sodium–glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors on the levels of serum asprosin in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetol Metab Syndr 13, 34 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13098-021-00652-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13098-021-00652-5

Keywords