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Fig. 3 | Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome

Fig. 3

From: Enhancing insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetes mellitus using apelin-loaded small extracellular vesicles from Wharton’s jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells: a novel therapeutic approach

Fig. 3

Effects of WJ-MSC- and apelin-modified WJ-MSC-sEVs on IR in 3T3-L1 cells. (a) Oil Red “O” staining of 3T3-L1 cells showing significant lipid droplet formation. (b) Confocal microscopic images depicting the uptake of both MSC-sEVs and AP-MSC-sEVs by 3T3-L1 cells. (c) Comparison of glucose uptake in IR-3T3-L1 cells treated with MSC-sEVs, AP-MSC-sEVs, and controls, showing enhanced glucose uptake, especially with AP-MSC-sEVs (P < 0.05). (d–e) Western blot images showing the impact of sEVs treatment on p-Akt/total Akt and p-AMPK/total AMPK expression levels and enhancement of membrane GLUT4 protein levels in insulin-resistant cells (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001). Abbreviations: sEVs, small extracellular vesicles; AP-MSC-sEVs, apelin-MSC-sEVs, engineered sEVs loaded with overexpressed apelin; Wharton’s jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells (WJ-MSCs)

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Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome

ISSN: 1758-5996

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