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Table 1 Comparison of patients with pure hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state (HHS) and hyperosmolar diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)

From: Hypoglycemia during hyperosmolar hyperglycemic crises is associated with long-term mortality

Characteristic

Pure HHS (n = 116)

Hyperosmolar DKA (n = 54)

P-value

Demographics

 Age (years)

76 (64–83)

57 (42–73)

 < 0.001

 Sex (male)

54 (46.5)

28 (51.8)

0.520

Metabolic characteristics

 Known diagnosis of any form of diabetes before admission (yes)

76 (65.5)

46 (85.1)

0.008

 Diagnosis of type 2 diabetes (yes)

105 (90.5)

20 (37.0)

 < 0.001

 Body mass index (kg/m2)a

26.9 (23.8–31.1)

23.2 (20.2–26.8)

 < 0.001

 HbA1c during or before admission (%)b

10.5 (9.2–12.6)

11.0 (9.2–13.6)

0.223

Test on admission

 Serum glucose (mg/dL)

802 (669–1002)

906 (726–1016)

0.056

 Serum osmolality (mOsm/kg)

328 (320–364)

330 (320–345)

0.583

 Estimated glomerular filtration rate (mL/min/1.7 m2)c

28 (20–41)

31 (21–40)

0.509

 Hypokalemia (yes)d

8 (7.5)

4 (8.3)

0.866

 Hyperkalemia (yes)d

25 (23.5)

21 (43.7)

0.011

 pH

7.38 (7.32–7.41)

7.02 (6.92–7.16)

 < 0.001

 Serum bicarbonate (mEq/L)

23.4 (19.5–26.6)

8.7 (7.2–12.8)

 < 0.001

 Serum β-hydroxybutyrate (mmol/L)

0.5 (0.2–1.7)

6.2 (5.5–7.2)

 < 0.001

Comorbidities

 Charlson comorbidity index (score points)

6 (4–7)

2 (1–5)

 < 0.001

 Baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (mL/min/1.7 m2)e

54 (34–73)

78 (59–105)

 < 0.001

 Personal history of heart failure (yes)

22 (18.9)

2 (3.7)

0.008

 Personal history of myocardial infarction (yes)

9 (7.7)

7 (12.9)

0.279

 Personal history of cerebrovascular accident (yes)f

32 (27.5)

3 (5.5)

 < 0.001

 Personal history of cancer (yes)

18 (15.5)

2 (3.7)

0.026

 Probable infection during admission (yes)g

61 (52.5)

29 (53.7)

0.892

Outcomes

 Length of hospital stay (days)

8 (5–13)

7 (5–11)

0.341

 HbA1c after admission (%)h

6.5 (5.5–9.0)

8.5 (6.7–9.5)

0.012

 Mortality during hospitalization (yes)

8 (6.8)

3 (5.5)

0.741

 1-year mortality (yes)i

43 (40.5)

7 (15.9)

0.004

 2-year mortality (yes)j

53 (53.0)

8 (19.5)

 < 0.001

  1. Data are absolute numbers and percentages (within parentheses) or medians and interquartile ranges (within parentheses)
  2. aCalculated only if the height was available in any time, and if the body weight was available during hospitalization. Data available for 120 patients
  3. bPreferably, HbA1c value during hospitalization was used. If not available, the most recent value available in the previous year was used. Data available for 163 patients
  4. cGlomerular filtration rate was estimated by CKD-EPI equation, using the creatinine value on admission
  5. dData available for 154 patients, as 16 patients had serum potassium repeatedly indeterminable due to hemolysis in the admission tests
  6. eBaseline glomerular filtration rate was estimated by CKD-EPI equation, using the most recent creatinine value before admission. Data available for 158 patients
  7. fIncludes strokes and transient ischemic attacks
  8. gProbable infection was defined by the presence of fever or use of antibiotic treatment during hospitalization
  9. hFollow-up HbA1c was the first available measurement after hospital discharge, provided that at a minimum of 2 months and a maximum of 12 months had elapsed after discharge. Data available for 68 patients
  10. iIncludes patients that reached 1 year of follow-up or died before 1 year (n = 150)
  11. jIncludes patients that reached 2 years of follow-up or died before 2 years (n = 141)
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Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome

ISSN: 1758-5996

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