Causal relationship between diabetes mellitus, glycemic traits and Parkinson’s disease: a multivariable mendelian randomization analysis

Table 3 Multivariable MR results after adjusting for the anti-diabetic drug

Exposure	Outcome	Adjustments	N SNP	Methods	Causal effect		Heterogeneity		Pleiotropy
Exposure	Outcome	Adjustments	N SNP	Methods	OR (95%CI)	p	Q value	p	Intercept	p
TIDM	PD risk	Drug used in diabetes	134	IVW	0.9812(0.9324, 1.0325)	0.474	61.8836	0.2742	61.5	0.2547
		Diabetes, insulin treatment	126	IVW	0.9822(0.9463, 1.0194)	0.338	63.978	0.89	63.92387	0.8747
		Metformin	126	IVW	1.0000(0.9825, 1.0178)	0.993	117.526	0.1395	117.5186	0.1249

N SNPs: number of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the instrument. IVW: Inverse variance weighted. MR: Mendelian randomization. MR-PRESSO: Mendelian Randomization Pleiotropy RESidual Sum and Outlier. OR: Odds ratio. CI: confidence interval. Beta: MR effect estimate. Se: standard error of MR effect estimate. P: P-value. PD: Parkinson’s Disease. Describing PD risk results using OR (95% CI)

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