Table 1 Weighed baseline characteristics of all participants

Number of subjects (n)

8828

7943

2771

Age (years)

40.835 ± 16.297

52.513 ± 16.633

60.028 ± 13.727

Gender (%)

 Male

3645 (41.289)

4344 (54.690)

1518 (54.782)

 Female

5183 (58.711)

3599 (45.310)

1253 (45.218)

Race (%)

 Non-Hispanic White

4103 (46.477)

3260 (41.042)

917 (33.093)

 Non-Hispanic Black

1683 (19.064)

1647 (20.735)

686 (24.756)

 Mexican American

1476 (16.720)

1428 (17.978)

595 (21.472)

 Others

1566 (17.739)

1608 (20.244)

573 (20.678)

 BMI (kg/m2)

27.226 ± 6.011

29.834 ± 6.845

32.056 ± 7.370

 Glycohemoglobin (%)

5.203 ± 0.285

5.635 ± 0.369

7.616 ± 1.841

 Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L)

5.068 ± 0.394

5.857 ± 0.479

9.442 ± 3.602

 Fasting insulin (uU/mL)

9.849 ± 8.299

14.499 ± 14.152

23.492 ± 31.831

 Total cholesterol (mmol/L)

4.982 ± 1.074

5.126 ± 1.068

4.906 ± 1.228

 Higher density lipoprotein (mmol/L)

1.474 ± 0.434

1.354 ± 0.397

1.255 ± 0.373

 Lower density lipoprotein (mmol/L)

2.919 ± 0.891

3.082 ± 0.908

2.798 ± 0.953

 Triglyceride (mmol/L)

1.301 ± 1.031

1.537 ± 1.184

1.994 ± 2.162

Educational level (%)

 Less than high school

1919 (21.738)

2271 (28.591)

1033 (37.279)

 High school

1898 (21.500)

1931 (24.311)

647 (23.349)

 More than high school

5011 (56.763)

3741 (47.098)

1091 (39.372)

Alcohol (%)

 No

2213 (25.068)

2112 (26.589)

940 (33.923)

 Yes

5803 (65.734)

5105 (64.270)

1573 (56.767)

 Not reported

812 (9.198)

726 (9.140)

258 (9.311)

Smoking (%)

 No

5232 (59.266)

4141 (52.134)

1352 (48.791)

 Yes

3596 (40.734)

3802 (47.866)

1419 (51.209)

Hypertension history (%)

 No

7067 (80.052)

4834 (60.859)

1070 (38.614)

 Yes

1761 (19.948)

3109 (39.141)

1701 (61.386)

Lung cancer (%)

 No

8823 (99.943)

7916 (99.660)

2760 (99.603)

 Yes

5 (0.057)

27 (0.340)

11 (0.397)