Table 2 Clinical, demographic and laboratory data stratified by the presence of autoimmune disease (AIDs)
Autoimmune diseases n (%) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
No 1416 (80.5) | Only thyroid AID 284 (16.1) | Other AID $ 60 (3.4) | *p-value | |
Demographic data | ||||
Gender | ||||
Female, n (%) | 745 (52.5) | 206 (72.5) | 38 (63.5) | < 0.001 |
Male,n(%) | 671(27.5) | 78(27.5) | 22(36.7) | |
Age, y | 28.9 ± 11.4 | 33.8 ± 12.9 | 37.3 ± 11.9 | < 0.001 |
< 19 | 329 (27.9) | 34 (17.1) | 4 (6.7) | |
≥ 19 to < 30 | 551 (38.9) | 101 (35.6) | 16 (26.7) | |
≥ 30 to < 40 | 298 (21.0) | 64 (22.5) | 14 (23.3) | |
≥ 40 | 238 (16.8) | 85 (29.9) | 26 (43.3) | |
Diabetes duration, y | 14.8 ± 8.6 | 18.2 ± 10.5 | 19.6 ± 9.3 | < 0.0001 |
< 5 | 108 (7.6) | 12 (4.2) | 1 (1.7) | |
≥ 5 to < 10 | 402 (28.4) | 59 (20.8 | 9 (15.0) | |
≥ 10 to < 20 | 587 (41.5) | 110 (38.7) | 23 (38.3) | |
≥ 20 | 319 (22.5) | 103 (36.3) | 27 (45.0) | |
Age at diagnosis, y | 14.4 ± 8.6 | 15.6 ± 10.0 | 17.1 ± 9.5 | 0.009 |
< 12 | 703 (49.6) | 128 (45.1) | 18 (30.0) | |
≥ 12 to < 19 | 385 (27.2) | 73 (25.7) | 19 (31.7) | |
≥ 19 | 328 (23.2) | 89 (29.2) | 23 (38.7) | |
Time of follow-up, y | 9.3 ± 7.8 | 10.3 ± 8.5 | 13.4 ± 8.6 | < 0.001 |
Tertiary level of care, n (%) | 863(60.9) | 200(70.4) | 46(76.7) | 0.001 |
Self-reported color-race, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
White | 735(51.8) | 183(64.4) | 42(70.0) | |
Black | 127 (9.0) | 7(2.5) | 2(3.3) | |
Brown | 528(37,3) | 87(30.6) | 16(26.7) | |
Asian | 14(1.0) | 5(1.8) | 0 | |
Indigenous | 14(1.0) | 2(0.7) | 0 | |
Geographic region, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
Southeast | 645(45.6) | 148(52.1) | 36(60.0) | |
South | 172(12.1) | 53(18.7) | 8(13.3) | |
North/Northeast | 431(30.4) | 51(18.0) | 8(13.3) | |
Mid-west | 168(11.9) | 32(11.3) | 8(13.3) | |
Economic status (%) | 0.13 | |||
High | 41(2.9) | 10(3.5) | 2(3.3) | |
Medium | 630(44.5) | 142(50.0) | 29 (48.3) | |
Low | 693(48.9) | 130(45.8) | 26(43.3) | |
Very low | 52(3.7) | 2(0.7) | 3(5.0) | |
Years of study, y | 12.2 ± 3.8 | 12.0 ± 3.7 | 12.9 ± 4.1 | 0.24 |
Smoker, yes n (%) | 69(4.9) | 19(6.7) | 4(6.8) | 0.4 |
Diabetes management and treatment | ||||
Number of clinical visits per year | 3.6 ± 1.7 | 3.8 ± 1.8 | 4.2 ± 1.8 | 0.009 |
NPH or long acting analogs† | 77 (5.4) | 7 (2.5) | 2 (3.3) | 0.026 |
NPH + regular or analogs/ Insulin analogs (long + short acting) | 1297 (91.6) | 260 (91.5) | 55 (91.7) | |
Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion | 42 (3.0) | 17 (6.0) | 3 (5.0) | |
Clinical data and comorbidities | ||||
BMI, kg/m2 | 24.0 ± 4.1 | 24.9 ± 4.3 | 23.8 ± 4.1 | 0.003 |
Hypertension, yes n (%) *** | 226 (16.0) | 75 (26.4) | 11 (18.3) | < 0.001 |
Dyslipidemia, yes n (%) | 272 (19.3) | 86 (30.4) | 17 (28.8) | < 0.001 |
Overweight or obesity | 504 (36.7) | 124 (44.0) | 19 (31.7) | 0.02 |
Laboratorial data | ||||
HbA1c (%) | 9.1 ± 2.1 | 8.7 ± 1.9 | 8.6 ± 2.1 | 0.006 |
HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 75.8 ± 23.6 | 71.5 ± 21.1 | 71.0 ± 23.2 | |
TSH (mUI/L) | 2.1 (1.6) | 2.9 (3.7) | 2.0 (1.6) | < 0.001 |
FT4 (ng/dL) | 1.26 ± 0.26 | 1.4 ± 0.4 | 1.27 ± 0.26 | < 0.001 |
Anti TPO > 35 (UI/mL) | 227 (16.8) | 173 (65.3) | 18 (32.7) | < 0.001 |
Anti TPO (UI/ml) | 14.5[14.7] | 131.5[311.8] | 15.3[92.8] | < 0.001 |
B12 vitamine (pg/ml) | 557.2 ± 243.1 | 517.8 ± 278.7 | 475.5 ± 192.7 | 0.005 |
C reactive protein (mg/dL) | 0.16[0.41] | 0.22[0.56] | 0.19[0.45] | 0.12 |
Medications | ||||
Anti-hypertensive drugs, yes n (%) | 363 (25.8) | 93 (33.2) | 22 (36.7) | 0.01 |
Statin, yes n (%) | 260 (18,4) | 98 (34.5) | 24 (40.0) | < 0.001 |
Thyroid hormone | 35 (2.5) | 261 (91.9) | 16 (26.7) | < 0.001 |
Diabetes-related chronic complications | ||||
Retinopathy, yes n (%) | 469 (34.1) | 118 (42.1) | 30 (49.2) | 0.004 |
CKD, yes n (%)††† | 338 (33.2) | 88 (43.1) | 16 (37.2) | 0.02 |
GFR, mL/min/1.73m2†††† | 89.2 ± 30.5 | 78.4 ± 28.0 | 79.4 ± 21.0 | < 0.001 |
Albuminuria, mg/dL | 9.4 (18.7) | 8.4 (19.8) | 7.5 (20.4) | 0.59 |