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Table 2 Results of logistic regression analysis: relative odds of incident prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus, predicted by depression status (history of depression, current depression, and persistent depression; with no depression as reference category)

From: Current and past depression as risk factors for incident type 2 diabetes mellitus and pre-diabetes in men and women: evidence from a longitudinal community cohort

 

Prediabetesa

Diabetesb

OR

95% CI

p value

OR

95% CI

p value

Model 1 (n = 7922)

Model 1 (n = 11,243)

HD

0.97

0.79

1.19

0.778

1.04

0.71

1.47

0.848

CD

1.11

0.81

1.48

0.511

1.84

1.14

2.81

0.008

PD

1.19

0.86

1.61

0.276

2.61

1.74

3.79

< 0.001

 

Model 2 (n = 7895)

Model 2 (n = 11,203)

HD

0.95

0.77

1.16

0.628

1.00

0.68

1.43

0.999

CD

1.06

0.78

1.43

0.688

1.79

1.11

2.74

0.011

PD

1.15

0.83

1.55

0.391

2.44

1.62

3.54

< 0.001

 

Model 3 (n = 7532)

Model 3 (n = 10.706)

HD

0.85

0.67

1.06

0.152

0.90

0.59

1.34

0.627

CD

0.96

0.70

1.31

0.819

1.41

0.85

2.24

0.162

PD

0.95

0.66

1.33

0.752

2.02

1.25

3.14

0.003

  1. Model 1 adjusted for age and sex. Model 2 adjusted for age, sex and socioeconomic status
  2. Model 3 adjusted for age, sex, SES, BMI, CRP, pack-years, antidepressants with weight effects, and antidepressants without weight effects
  3. OR odds ratio, 95% CI 95% confidence interval, HD history of depression (without current depression as defined by PHQ-9 ≥ 19), CD current depression (PHQ-9 ≥ 10, without history of depression), PD persistent depression (history of depression and current depression as defined by PHQ-9 ≥ 10), SES socioeconomic status, BMI body mass index, CRP C-reactive protein
  4. aPrediabetes defined by HbA1c 5.7–6.4% (following the American Diabetes Association criteria)
  5. bDiabetes defined by intake of antidiabetic medication and/or previous diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus and/or HbA1c ≥ 6.5%