Table 1 Participant characteristics

Sex

Female

135 (37.7%)

291 (42.1%)

Male

223 (62.3%)

401 (57.9%)

Age (years, mean ± SD)

56.3 ± 14.0

59.5 ± 13.1

HbA1c^*(%, median (IQR))

8.5 [69.4 mmol/mol] (7.6 [59.9 mmol/mol], 10.3 [89.1 mmol/mol])

8.3 [67.2 mmol/mol] (7.1 [54.1 mmol/mol], 10.0 [85.8 mmol/mol])

BMI^£(kg/m²)

Normal weight

93 (26%)

220 (31.8%)

Overweight

194 (54.2%)

378 (54.6%)

Obesity

71 (19.8%)

94 (13.6%)

Diabetes duration (year)

0 to ≤ 3

140 (39.1%)

263 (38.0%)

3 to ≤ 10

131 (36.6%)

249 (36.0%)

>10

87 (24.3%)

180 (26.0%)

C-peptide (ng/mL)

<2.5

146 (40.8%)

315 (45.5%)

≥ 2.5

212 (59.2%)

377 (54.5%)

LDL^§(mmol/L)

<2.6

108 (30.2%)

272 (39.3%)

≥ 2.6

250 (69.8%)

420 (60.7%)

Liver diseases

71 (19.8%)

108 (15.6%)

Hypertension

145 (40.5%)

303 (43.8%)

Hyperlipidemia

52 (14.5%)

85 (12.3%)

Coronary artery atherosclerosis

78 (21.8%)

154 (22.3%)

Chronic kidney disease

112 (31.3%)

230 (33.2%)

Cerebral infarction

37 (10.3%)

117 (16.9%)

Ischemic cerebrovascular disease

39 (10.9%)

77 (11.1%)

Diabetic retinopathy

60 (16.8%)

135 (19.5%)

Diabetic polyneuropathy

164 (45.8%)

343 (49.6%)

DPP-4i^¥

46 (12.9%)

64 (9.3%)

Glinide

26 (7.3%)

69 (10.0%)

GLP-1 agonist^¢

6 (1.7%)

5 (1.0%)

Insulin

190 (53.1%)

420 (60.7%)

Metformin

20 (5.6%)

43 (6.2%)

SGLT2i^#

33 (9.2%)

42 (6.1%)

Sulfonylurea

40 (11.2%)

84 (12.1%)

TZDs^¶

76 (21.2%)

146 (21.1%)

α-glucosidase inhibitors

101 (28.2%)

229 (33.1%)