Table 1 Characteristics of the subjects

Subjects’ characteristics

 Age: years (mean, SD)

57 (14,8)

56 (14,3)

0.97

 Male: n (%)

35 (73)

35 (73)

 Tobacco use

0.38

  Never: n (%)

17 (35)

23 (48)

  Active user: n (%)

16 (33)

15 (31)

  Former user: n (%)

15 (31)

10 (21)

 Alcohol consumption

0.89

  Never: n (%)

21 (44)

23 (48)

  Occasional drinking: n (%)

13 (27)

10 (21)

  Regular alcohol use: n (%)

5 (10)

6 (13)

  Excessive drinking, current or stopped: n (%)

9 (19)

8 (17)

 BMI at T₀: kg/m²(median, IQR)

22.6 (19.9–26.7)

27.6 (22.5–29,6)

0.0022

 Loss of weight at T₀ as compared to maximum weight ever: kg (median, IQR)

9.5 (4–16.,3)

8.5 (3–15)

0.63

Diabetes

 Diabetes duration: years (median, IQR)

12.1 (4.1–27.2)

14.9 (7.2–29.1)

0.59

 Diabetes type

< 0.0001

  Type 1 diabetes: n (%)

9 (19)

18 (38)

  Type 2 diabetes: n (%)

8 (17)

21 (44)

  Pancreatogenic diabetes: n (%)

18 (37)

0

  Undetermined: n (%)

9 (19)

8 (17)

  Other types (post-transplantation, post-PLD1 treatment, MODY): n (%)

4 (8)

1 (2)

 Diabetes treatment at T₀

  Insulin: n (%)

37 (77)

36 (75)

> 0.99

  Metformin: n (%)

14 (29)

21 (44)

0.2

  Sulfonylurea or repaglinide: n (%)

13 (27)

13 (27)

> 0.99

  GLP1 agonist: n (%)

2 (4)

7 (15)

0.16

  DPP4 inhibitor: n (%)

7 (15)

4 (8)

0.5

 HbA_1c at T₀: % (median IQR)

8.7 (6.9–9.9)

8.4 (7.4–9.6)

0.94

 HbA1c at T₀: mmol/mol (median, IQR)

72 (52–85)

68 (57–81)

 Retinopathy: n (%)

28 (58)

27 (56)

0.99

 Neuropathy: n (%)

25 (52)

22 (46)

0.68

 Nephropathy: n (%)

17 (35)

21 (44)

0.53

 Ischemic cardiopathy: n (%)

7 (15)

11 (23)

0.43

 Fasting C-peptide: nmol/L (median, IQR)

0.19 (0.04–0.36)

0.12 (0-0.33)

0.32

Exocrine pancreas

 Fecal elastase-1 concentration: µg/g (median, IQR)

26.5 (0–72)

129 (102-192.8)

< 0.0001

 Anomalies on pancreas CT^†

  Pancreas atrophy: n (%)

28 (65)

8 (23)

0.0002

  Pancreas calcifications: n (%)

19 (43)

5 (14)

0.0068

 Vitamin A deficiency: n (%)^‡

8 (24)

0

0.007

 Vitamin E deficiency: n (%)^§

9 (28)

2 (7)

0.051

Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency associated symptoms

 More than 4 episodes of documented symptomatic hypoglycemia per week: n (%)

14 (29)

12 (25)

0.8

 Recent history of severe hypoglycemia: n (%)

13 (27)

8 (17)

0.33

 Relevant hypoglycemia (more than 4 events per week and/or recent severe hypoglycemia): n (%)

15 (31)

15 (31)

1

 Gastrointestinal disorders: n (%)

21 (44)

10 (21)

0.02