Fig. 1

Dose-response associations of individual and combined tea and coffee consumption with all-cause and cause-specific mortality. The dose-response associations were examined in the Cox proportional hazard regression models based on restricted cubic splines with 3 knots, models were adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, education, socioeconomic status, smoking status, alcohol consumption frequency, physical activity frequency, BMI, diet, cholesterol-lowering medication, BP medication, insulin, depression, and tea or coffee intake in coffee or tea analysis. The shaded area represents the 95% CI for the dose-response curve. Abbreviations: HR, Hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; CVD, cardiovascular diseases; RD, respiratory disease. All p for nonlinearity < 0.001