Table 3 Association of HbA1c levels and CGM-metric with diabetes complications

HbA1c

(%)

TIR

(per 10% increase)

TB54

(%)

TBR

(%)

Any complication

 Unadjusted

1.49 (1.09–2.04)

0.012

0.70 (0.56–0.86)

0.001

1.13 (0.96–1.32)

0.132

1.01 (0.94–1.09)

0.737

 Model 1

1.27 (0.89–1.82)

0.181

0.70 (0.53–0.93)

0.012

0.99 (0.83–1.19)

0.941

0.98 (0.90–1.07)

0.666

 Model 2

1.32 (0.88–1.99)

0.183

0.56 (0.37–0.87)

0.009

0.98 (0.72–1.34)

0.922

0.92 (0.80–1.06)

0.248

Microvascular complications

 Unadjusted

1.43 (1.05–1.94)

0.023

0.71 (0.58–0.88)

0.002

1.08 (0.93–1.26)

0.311

1.01 (0.93–1.09)

0.867

 Model 1

1.22 (0.85–1.75)

0.288

0.72 (0.54–0.97)

0.028

0.94 (0.78–1.12)

0.475

0.97 (0.88–1.06)

0.465

 Model 2

1.26 (0.83–1.92)

0.271

0.63 (0.41–0.95)

0.029

1.02 (0.74–1.39)

0.915

0.96 (0.83–1.10)

0.543

Retinopathy

 Unadjusted

1.49 (1.08–2.06)

0.015

0.73 (0.58–0.91)

0.006

1.08 (0.92–1.27)

0.345

0.98 (0.89–1.07)

0.609

 Model 1

1.32 (0.91–1.90)

0.139

0.74 (0.55-1.00)

0.047

0.98 (0.81–1.18)

0.823

0.95 (0.86–1.05)

0.356

 Model 2

1.32 (0.86–2.01)

0.202

0.77 (0.52–1.14)

0.195

1.25 (0.89–1.76)

0.201

1.01 (0.88–1.17)

0.846

Nephropathy

 Unadjusted

1.23 (0.84–1.80)

0.281

0.84 (0.63–1.12)

0.234

1.01 (0.80–1.27)

0.948

1.02 (0.91–1.14)

0.774

 Model 1

1.07 (0.67–1.70)

0.783

0.94 (0.66–1.32)

0.704

0.94 (0.73–1.20)

0.612

1.01 (0.90–1.13)

0.923

 Model 2

1.22 (0.56–2.66)

0.623

0.69 (0.39–1.22)

0.200

0.81 (0.55–1.19)

0.281

0.90 (0.75–1.08)

0.273

Macrovascular complications

 Unadjusted

1.85 (1.20–2.85)

0.006

0.66 (0.46–0.93)

0.019

1.10 (0.88–1.38)

0.388

0.93 (0.80–1.09)

0.393

 Model 1

1.82 (1.11-3.00)

0.018

0.65 (0.41–1.04)

0.070

1.10 (0.86–1.40)

0.445

0.97 (0.82–1.15)

0.709

 Model 2

1.59 (0.93–2.73)

0.090

0.68 (0.39–1.16)

0.152

0.92 (0.62–1.34)

0.652

0.77 (0.54–1.11)

0.166

TAR

(%)

TA250

(%)

CV

(%)

GMI

(%)

Any complication

 Unadjusted

1.03 (1.01–1.05)

0.002

1.03 (1.01–1.06)

0.017

1.05 (1.00-1.10)

0.039

1.79 (1.16–2.75)

0.009

 Model 1

1.03 (1.00-1.06)

0.020

1.03 (1.00-1.07)

0.082

1.03 (0.97–1.09)

0.350

1.69 (0.96–2.97)

0.069

 Model 2

1.05 (1.01–1.09)

0.011

1.04 (1.00-1.09)

0.056

1.00 (0.91–1.09)

0.929

2.27 (1.08–4.73)

0.029

Microvascular complications

 Unadjusted

1.03 (1.01–1.05)

0.003

1.03 (1.00-1.06)

0.026

1.05 (1.00-1.10)

0.056

1.75 (1.14–2.71)

0.011

 Model 1

1.03 (1.00-1.06)

0.036

1.03 (0.99–1.06)

0.117

1.02 (0.96–1.09)

0.481

1.66 (0.93–2.96)

0.086

 Model 2

1.04 (1.00-1.08)

0.045

1.04 (0.99–1.08)

0.100

1.02 (0.93–1.11)

0.664

1.96 (0.96–4.02)

0.065

Retinopathy

 Unadjusted

1.03 (1.01–1.05)

0.004

1.03 (1.00-1.06)

0.043

1.03 (0.98–1.08)

0.230

1.81 (1.15–2.85)

0.011

 Model 1

1.03 (1.00-1.06)

0.037

1.02 (0.99–1.06)

0.179

1.00 (0.94–1.07)

0.903

1.67 (0.94–2.98)

0.083

 Model 2

1.02 (0.99–1.06)

0.236

1.03 (0.98–1.07)

0.251

1.00 (0.91–1.09)

0.951

1.55 (0.77–3.14)

0.223

Nephropathy

 Unadjusted

1.01 (0.99–1.04)

0.281

1.02 (0.98–1.05)

0.361

1.06 (0.99–1.14)

0.084

1.32 (0.74–2.37)

0.348

 Model 1

1.00 (0.97–1.04)

0.796

1.01 (0.96–1.05)

0.806

1.05 (0.97–1.13)

0.244

1.04 (0.52–2.05)

0.914

 Model 2

1.04 (0.99–1.09)

0.170

1.01 (0.95–1.07)

0.702

1.02 (0.91–1.14)

0.736

1.62 (0.60–4.37)

0.339

Macrovascular complications

 Unadjusted

1.04 (1.01–1.08)

0.010

1.04 (1.00-1.08)

0.029

1.03 (0.95–1.11)

0.524

2.17 (1.14–4.11)

0.018

 Model 1

1.04 (1.00-1.08)

0.070

1.04 (0.99–1.09)

0.154

1.01 (0.91–1.11)

0.901

1.78 (0.80–3.96)

0.155

 Model 2

1.04 (0.99–1.10)

0.083

1.03 (0.97–1.09)

0.286

0.92 (0.81–1.06)

0.252

2.03 (0.77–5.37)

0.154