Comparison of METS-IR and HOMA-IR for predicting new-onset CKD in middle-aged and older adults

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the population with or without CKD at the baseline survey

Variable	Total	Without CKD	With CKD	p-value
N	9,261	9,063	198
Age (years)	52.0 ± 8.9	51.8 ± 8.8	61.2 ± 7.8	< 0.001
Sex				0.014
Men	4426 (47.8%)	4349 (48.0%)	77 (38.9%)
Women	4835 (52.2%)	4714 (52.0%)	121 (61.1%)
Body mass index (kg/m²)	24.6 ± 3.2	24.6 ± 3.1	25.2 ± 3.1	0.003
Waist circumference (cm)	82.5 ± 8.8	82.4 ± 8.8	85.9 ± 9.1	< 0.001
SBP (mmHg)	121.3 ± 18.4	121.1 ± 18.4	129.8 ± 17.3	< 0.001
DBP (mmHg)	80.3 ± 11.5	80.2 ± 11.5	83.8 ± 10.3	< 0.001
FPG (mg/dL)	87.4 ± 21.5	87.3 ± 21.3	92.9 ± 27.9	0.005
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	191.9 ± 35.7	191.5 ± 35.5	207.9 ± 40.9	< 0.001
Triglyceride (mg/dL)	161.2 ± 104.0	160.8 ± 104.0	180.3 ± 99.9	0.007
HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)	44.7 ± 10.1	44.8 ± 10.1	43.3 ± 10.3	0.043
CRP	0.24 ± 0.54	0.24 ± 0.54	0.31 ± 0.47	0.039
eGFR (CKD-EPI)	92.0 ± 14.3	92.8 ± 13.2	53.4 ± 9.6	< 0.001
HOMA-IR	1.66 ± 1.15	1.66 ± 1.15	1.92 ± 1.17	0.002
METS-IR	37.87 ± 6.66	37.83 ± 6.66	39.81 ± 6.59	< 0.001
Smoking status^a				0.098
Never smoker	5425 (58.6%)	5298 (58.5%)	127 (64.1%)
Former smoker	1452 (15.7%)	1417 (15.6%)	35 (17.7%)
Occasional smoker	268 (2.9%)	265 (2.9%)	3 (1.5%)
Daily smoker	2116 (22.8%)	2083 (23.0%)	33 (16.7%)
Alcohol drinking				< 0.001
Non-drinker	4239 (45.8%)	4126 (45.5%)	113 (57.1%)
Former drinker	599 (6.5%)	577 (6.4%)	22 (11.1%)
Current drinker	4423 (47.8%)	4360 (48.1%)	63 (31.8%)
METs (hour/day)	23.65 ± 14.80	23.71 ± 14.81	21.10 ± 14.02	0.010
Diabetes mellitus	1127 (12.2%)	1088 (12.0%)	39 (19.7%)	0.002
Hypertension	2956 (31.9%)	2836 (31.3%)	120 (60.6%)	< 0.001
Dyslipidemia	3675 (39.7%)	3562 (39.3%)	113 (57.1%)	< 0.001

Values are presented as means ± standard deviations, medians (25th percentiles, 75th percentiles), or numbers (%)
CKD chronic kidney disease, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, FPG fasting plasma glucose, HDL high-density lipoprotein, AST aspartate aminotransferase, ALT alanine aminotransferase, CRP C-reactive protein, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, METS-IR metabolic score for insulin resistance, HOMR-IR homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance, MET metabolic equivalent of task P-value for the comparison of baseline characteristics between participants with CKD and those without CKD at the baseline survey. Significance was set at a p < 0.05
^aNever smokers comprised individuals who had never smoked or had smoked < 100 cigarettes in their lifetime. Former smokers comprised adults who had smoked ≥ 100 cigarettes in their lifetime and had quit smoking at the time of the survey. Current smoker was further categorized into daily smokers and occasional smokers based on whether they smoked every day

ISSN: 1758-5996