Table 1 Basic characteristics of the included studies

Alessandra et al. [20]

(2022)/USA

RCT

I:50

C:50

I: 72.3 ± 4.0

C:71.4 ± 3.7

Type: CT

Duration:60 min

Frequency:3times/week for12 months

No external weight loss or exercise programs

Self-management: participants transitioned their regular exercises to community-fitness centers of their choice and homes

HbA1c, FBG, 2hPG

Aifan Chen et al.[21]

(2021)/

China

RCT

I:68

C:59

I:72.29 ± 4.54

C:71.71 ± 6.08

Type: AT

Duration:30 ~ 60 min

Frequency: ≥ 5 times/week for 12 months

Intensity: Medium intensity

routine treatment

Self-management: Patients were exercising autonomously with exercise management and monitoring of blood glucose

FBG,

SBP,

DBP

Xiaoli Wang et al. [22](2019)/

China

RCT

I:47

C:50

I:61.76 ± 10.54

C:61.67 ± 10.51

Type: Qigong、BaDuanJin

Duration:30 min

Frequency: ≥ 5 times/week for 12 months

Treatment with original medication without any prescribed exercise except for daily activities

Self-management: After the nursing staff first instructed the patient on exercise techniques, patients can exercise on their own and can adjust the intensity and frequency of exercise according to their actual condition

HbA1c, FBG,

BMI

Xueqin Lin et al.[23] (2017)/China

RCT

I:56

C:56

I:58.8 ± 5.2

C:58.5 ± 5.3

Type: AT

Duration:30 min

Frequency: 3 ~ 5 times/week for 3 months

routine treatment

Self-management: Patients were issued "self-management cards" on which they recorded the volume and type of exercise

HbA1c, FBG,

2hPG

Suhua Yang et al.[24]

(2016)/China

RCT

I:46

C:46

I:50.2 ± 9.1

C:48.9 ± 10.8

Type: AT

Duration:30 ~ 60 min

Frequency: 3 ~ 4 times/week for 12 months

Intensity: Low/Medium intensity

routine treatment

Family management: The family members accompanied and supervised the patients to perform the exercise. They also recorded the time and frequency of the exercise

HbA1c, FBG,

2hPG

Haibo Wen et al.[29] (2016)/China

RCT

I:47

C:47

I:43 ~ 68

C:45 ~ 65

Type: AT

Duration:40 ~ 60 min

Frequency: ≥ 3 times/week for 6 months

Individualized pharmaceutical treatment

Family management: Patients appointed a family member living with them as an exercise monitor who was responsible to monitor the patient's daily exercise and record the volume of exercise and adverse reactions

HbA1c, FBG,

LDL, TC, SBP, DBP

RC Plotnikoff et al.[25] (2010)/Canada

RCT

I:27

C:21

I: 55 ± 12

C: 54 ± 12

Type: RT

Duration: Eight exercises

were performed per session, of which, four were core

exercises and four were complementary assistance exercises

Frequency: 3 times/week for 16 weeks

Without any intervention

Self-management: Patients performed exercises on their own after instruction by exercise specialists and kept training logs

HbA1c, FBG,

BMI,

LDL, TC, HDL

J.-F.Brun

et al.[26] (2008)/France

RCT

I:13

C:12

I:58.9 ± 3.6

C:60.6 ± 1.8

Type: AT

Duration:45 min

Frequency: Twice a week for 12 months

routine treatment

Self-management: Patients exercised at home and had to

keep track of all their activity in a notebook

HbA1c, FBG,

BMI,

LDL, TC, HDL, SBP, DBP

Julie Ménard

et al. [28](2005)/Canada

RCT

I:34

C:35

I:53.7 ± 7.5

C:55.9 ± 8.6

Type: CT

Duration:45 ~ 55 min

Frequency: 3 ~ 5 times/week for 12 months

Intensity:50% ~ 80%

HRmax

routine treatment

Self-management: Subjects performed the individualized home-based physical exercise program

HbA1c, FBG, BMI, LDL, TC, SBP, DBP

A.J.Van Rooijen

et al. [27](2004)/South Africa

RCT

I:75

C:74

I: 40 ~ 65

C:40 ~ 65

Type: Walking

Duration: 5 min/session, increasing by 10 min every two weeks, up to 45 min/day

Frequency: ≥ 5 times/week for 12 weeks

relaxation exercise

Self-management: Subjects performed home-based exercises and were instructed to keep a daily record of the time they spent on each of the activities in the diary

HbA1c, BMI, SBP, DBP