Fig. 4
From: Research progress on the relationship between bile acid metabolism and type 2 diabetes mellitus
TGR5 and Bas. (1) Activation of TGR5 by BAs induces the expression of GLP-1, promoting insulin secretion through the PKA-CREB pathway. In the intestine, L cells activate TGR5, leading to increased GLP-1 secretion, regulation of glucose-dependent insulin and glucagon secretion, and the induction of satiety. (2) BAs regulate metabolism by enhancing thermogenesis and energy consumption. TGR5 activates thyroid hormones through DIO2, converting inactive T4 into its active form, T3, and increasing PGC1-α for local energy expenditure