Table 1 Basic characteristics of the study participants
Variables | Total (n = 6732) | GDM | Statistics | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes (n = 253) | No (n = 6479) | ||||
Age, years, Mean (S.E) | 65.76 (0.28) | 62.65 (1.51) | 65.89 (0.29) | t = − 2.11 | |
Race/ethnicity, n (%) | χ2 = 0.506 | 0.973 | |||
Mexican American | 653 (3.02) | 36 (3.79) | 617 (2.98) | ||
Other Hispanic | 598 (3.15) | 28 (3.93) | 570 (3.12) | ||
Non-Hispanic White | 4052 (82.99) | 121 (80.80) | 3931 (83.08) | ||
Non-Hispanic Black | 923 (5.81) | 37 (6.04) | 886 (5.80) | ||
Other race-including multi-racial | 506 (5.03) | 31 (5.43) | 475 (5.01) | ||
Education level, n (%) | χ2 = 21.365 | < 0.001 | |||
Less than 9th grade | 469 (2.81) | 17 (2.26) | 452 (2.83) | ||
9–11th grade | 791 (8.76) | 12 (3.07) | 779 (9.00) | ||
High school grade/GED or equivalent | 1737 (25.93) | 37 (10.08) | 1700 (26.58) | ||
Some college or AA degree | 2195 (33.90) | 140 (61.35) | 2055 (32.77) | ||
College graduate or above | 1540 (28.60) | 47 (23.24) | 1493 (28.82) | ||
Marital status, n (%) | χ2 = 0.146 | 0.702 | |||
Married | 3436 (59.11) | 149 (54.19) | 3287 (59.32) | ||
Other (widowed, divorced, separated, never married, living with partner) | 3296 (40.89) | 104 (45.81) | 3192 (40.68) | ||
Ratio of family income to poverty, Mean | 3.33 (0.08) | 3.84 (0.31) | 3.31 (0.07) | t = 1.77 | 0.082 |
Alcohol status, n (%) | χ2 = 2.190 | 0.139 | |||
Yes | 2626 (29.60) | 79 (19.26) | 2547 (30.03) | ||
No | 4106 (70.40) | 174 (80.74) | 3932 (69.97) | ||
Smoked at least 100 cigarettes in life | χ2 = 2.823 | 0.093 | |||
Yes | 2659 (39.09) | 87 (25.41) | 2572 (39.65) | ||
No | 4073 (60.91) | 166 (74.59) | 3907 (60.35) | ||
MET, Met*min, Mean (S.E) | 579.38 (67.29) | 292.11 (87.14) | 591.23 (70.17) | t = − 2.63 | 0.011 |
Hypertension, n (%) | χ2 = 2.674 | 0.102 | |||
No | 1645 (28.95) | 49 (16.57) | 1596 (29.46) | ||
Yes | 5087 (71.05) | 204 (83.43) | 4883 (70.54) | ||
DM, n (%) | χ2 = 29.385 | < 0.001 | |||
Yes | 5247 (81.96) | 101 (39.11) | 5146 (83.73) | ||
No | 1485 (18.04) | 152 (60.89) | 1333 (16.27) | ||
Broken or fractured a hip, n (%) | χ2 = 1.701 | 0.192 | |||
Yes | 182 (2.52) | 6 (7.52) | 176 (2.31) | ||
No | 6550 (97.48) | 247 (92.48) | 6303 (97.69) | ||
Parental fracture, n (%) | χ2 = 1.205 | 0.272 | |||
No | 5892 (84.55) | 225 (71.94) | 5667 (85.07) | ||
Yes | 840 (15.45) | 28 (28.06) | 812 (14.93) | ||
Glucocorticoid use, n (%) | χ2 = 3.723 | 0.054 | |||
No | 6076 (89.48) | 219 (69.93) | 5857 (90.29) | ||
Yes | 656 (10.52) | 34 (30.07) | 622 (9.71) | ||
Anti-osteoporosis therapy, n (%) | χ2 = 1.925 | 0.165 | |||
No | 5696 (84.66) | 212 (67.69) | 5484 (85.36) | ||
Yes | 1036 (15.34) | 41 (32.31) | 995 (14.64) | ||
BMI, kg/m2, Mean (S.E) | 28.49 (0.25) | 33.37 (2.20) | 28.29 (0.23) | t = 2.31 | 0.024 |
25OHD2 + 25OHD3, nmol/L, Mean (S.E) | 90.85 (1.75) | 83.71 (4.16) | 91.14 (1.74) | t = − 1.99 | 0.051 |
Calcium, mg, Mean (S.E) | 1693.75 (29.74) | 1887.31 (154.33) | 1685.76 (30.14) | t = 1.30 | 0.198 |
Energy, kcal, Mean (S.E) | 3383.99 (49.15) | 3765.67 (193.91) | 3368.24 (50.89) | t = 1.97 | 0.053 |
Vitamin D, mcg, Mean (S.E) | 8.46 (0.23) | 9.25 (0.82) | 8.43 (0.24) | t = 0.93 | 0.354 |
Osteoporosis, n (%) | χ2 = 7.472 | 0.006 | |||
No | 5888 (87.62) | 218 (62.45) | 5670 (88.66) | ||
Yes | 844 (12.38) | 35 (37.55) | 809 (11.34) | ||
Total femoral BMD, gm/cm2, Mean (S.E) | 0.84 (0.00) | 0.85 (0.03) | 0.84 (0.00) | t = 0.34 | 0.737 |
Femoral neck BMD, gm/cm2, Mean (S.E) | 0.70 (0.01) | 0.60 (0.10) | 0.71 (0.00) | t = − 1.10 | 0.276 |
TBS, n (%) | χ2 = 9.074 | 0.011 | |||
No bone degeneration | 791 (11.09) | 17 (2.74) | 774 (11.43) | ||
Bone degeneration | 740 (7.54) | 6 (2.65) | 734 (7.74) | ||
Unknown | 5201 (81.37) | 230 (94.61) | 4971 (80.83) | ||