Table 2 Experimented with details of the 26 studies selected in the review

16:8

RCT

Kord-Varkaneh H et al.(2022) [43]

22/23

USA

non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

12 weeks

83.75 ± 12.71/89.33 ± 18.47

41.36 ± 10.5 /44.17 ± 4.9

12(10)/15(8)

16:8

RCT

Moro T et al. (2021) [44]

10/10

ITALY

healthy adults

12 months

83.22 ± 5.92/84.64 ± 5.76

16:8

RCT

Kotarsky C J et al.(2021) [45]

11/10

USA

overweight and obese adults

8 weeks

82 ± 3/83 ±3

83 ± 3/82 ± 3

16:8

RCT

He M et al.(2022) [46]

44/47

China

visceral fat

3 months

84.3 ± 2.2/84.7 ± 2.0

43.0 ± 1.4/41.3 ± 1.4

30(14)/35(12)

16:8

PRE–POST randomized design

Brady A J et al. (2021) [47]

12/11

IRELAND

male Middle- and Long-Distance Runners

8 weeks

73.13 ± 6.06/72.17 ± 6.68

35.9 ± 8.6/39.9 ± 3.0

16:8

RCT

Queiroz J.D.N et al. (2022) [11]

13/13

Brazil

adults with overweight and obesity

8 weeks

83·4 ± 10·6/81·4 ± 13·1

26 ± 4/33 ± 6

2(11)/2(11)

16:8

RCT

Chow L S et al. (2020) [24]

11/9

USA

humans who are Overweight

12 weeks

95.2 ± 22.6/100.9 ± 28.1

46.5 ± 12.4/44.2 ± 12.3

2(9)/1(8)

16:8

RCT

Lin Y J et al. (2021) [48]

30/33

Taiwan

middle-aged women

8 weeks

65.9 ± 9.7/65.8 ± 8.8

50.1 ± 7.5/54.2 ± 7.9

16:8

RCT

Moro T et al.(2020) [14]

8/8

Italy

elite cyclists

4 weeks

67.04 ± 5.03/72.27 ± 6.24

19.38 ± 2.39/19.38 ± 1.60

16:8

RCT

Cai H et al.(2019) [49]

95/79

China

non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

12 weeks

74.98 ± 8.02/72.94 ± 8.00

33.56 ± 6.23/34.5 ± 6.96

60(35)/66(13)

16:8

RCT

Tinsley G M et al. (2019) [16]

8/9

Italy

active females

8 weeks

63.8 ± 8.5/64.6 ± 8.8

23.3 ± 1.5/22.6 ± 2.7

16:8

RCT

Lowe D A et al.(2020) [50]

59/57

USA

adults with Overweight and Obesity

12 weeks

99.3 ± 16.9/99.1 ± 15.1

46.8 ± 10.8/46.1 ± 10.3

35(24)/35(22)

16:8

RCT

Jamshed H et al. (2022) [51]

45/45

USA

adults With Obesity

14 weeks

112.3 ± 20.1/105.3 ± 20.7

43 ± 11/43 ± 10

8(37)

10(35)

16:8

RCT

Liu D et al. (2022) [41]

69/70

China

obesity

12 months

31.6 ± 9.3/32.2 ± 8.8

16:8

RCT

Xie Z et al.(2022) [40]

26/28

China

healthy volunteers without obesity

5 weeks

61.1 ± 8.8/61.2 ± 9.9

28.68 ± 9.707/33.57 ± 11.6

9(17)/4(24)

16:8

RCT

Bei-ni Lao et al.(2023) [52]

13/14

China

overweight and obese patients with chronic kidney disease stages 3–4

12 weeks

51.8 ± 7.7/52.5 ± 11.3

51.8 ± 7.7/52.5 ± 11.3

7(6)/7(7)

14:10

RCT

Haganes K L et al.(2022) [53]

33/33

Norway

women with overweight/obesity

7 weeks

91.0 ± 10.8/95.0 ± 11.2

36.2*5.9/36.4*6.2

14:10

RCT

Manoogian E et al.(2022) [54]

70/67

USA

24-h shift workers

12 weeks

108.07 ± 1.75/107.1 ± 5.35

41.07 ± 8.71/39.61 ± 9.39

65(5)/60(7)

14:10

RCT

Che T et al.(2021) [17]

54/50

China

overweight patients with type 2 diabetes

12 weeks

75.06 ± 4.42/74.68 ± 4.35

48.21 ± 9.32/48.78 ± 9.56

25(29)/24(26)

14:10

Randomized crossover trial

Andriessen C et al.(2022) [55]

7/7

Netherlands

adults with type 2 diabetes but does not improve insulin sensitivity

3 weeks

67.5 ± 5.2/66.9 ± 5.1

7(0)/7(0)

14:10

RCT

Thomas E A et al.(2021) [56]

32/31

USA

adults with obesity

39 weeks

96.1 ± 18.1/93.4 ± 18.4

38.3 ± 7.9/37.8 ± 7.8

7(35)/5(31)

12:12

RCT

Phillips N.E et al.(2021) [57]

25/20

Switzerland

community-Based Adults

6 months

79.6 ± 15.9/77.5 ± 13.8

12:12

RCT

de Oliveira M P I et al.(2021) [11]

31/27

Brasil

low-income women with obesity

12-months

81.25 ± 13.51/80.25 ± 9.40

21:3

RCT

Rona A et al.(2018) [58]

7/6

UK

free-living human

10 weeks

86.2 ± 5.2/77.8 ± 7.6

47 ± 3/45 ± 4

1(6)/0(6)

20:4

18:6

RCT

Cienfuegos S et al.(2020) [18]

19/19

20/19

USA

adults with obesity

8 weeks

100 ± 4/94 ± 3

99 ± 4/94 ± 3

47 ± 2/45 ± 2

47 ± 3/45 ± 2

2(17)/2(17)

3(17)/2(17)

18:6

RCT

Mayra S T et al.(2022) [59]

8/10

USA

college students

4 weeks

68.3 ± 11.3/67.6 ± 10.6

25.1 ± 4.1/21.8 ± 3.8

1(7)/2(8)

18:6

RCT

Sutton E F et al(2018) [25]

5/7

USA

men with Prediabetes

5weeks