Fig. 4

Characterization of AMPK signaling dynamics in intermuscular adipose tissues (IMATs). Representative western blots (A, C, E, G, K) and quantification of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and AMPK gene expression (B, I), phosphorylated AMPK (p-AMPK; Thr172) (D), PGC1-α (F, J), SIRT-1 (H) and NRF-2 (L). CON control, EMA combined therapies + compound-c, EMC combined therapies, EXE moderate-exercise, GAPDH glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, MET metformin, NRF-2 nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2, PGC-1α peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactlvator-1α, PRE prediabetes, SIRT-1 silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog-1. The data shown represent mean ± the standard error of the mean (n = 5–6/group). ^ap < 0.05 vs. CON group; ^bp < 0.05 vs. PRE group; ^cp < 0.05 vs. MET group; ^dp < 0.05 vs. EXE group; ^ep < 0.05 vs. EMA group; ^fp < 0.05 vs. EMC group