Association between ultra-processed food consumption and the incidence of type 2 diabetes: the ELSA-Brasil cohort

Canhada, Scheine L.; Vigo, Álvaro; Levy, Renata; Luft, Vivian C.; da Fonseca, Maria de Jesus M.; Giatti, Luana; Molina, Maria del Carmen B.; Duncan, Bruce B.; Schmidt, Maria Inês

doi:10.1186/s13098-023-01162-2

Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome

Table 1 Characteristics of the study sample according to ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption. ELSA-Brasil, 2008–2010 (N = 10202)

From: Association between ultra-processed food consumption and the incidence of type 2 diabetes: the ELSA-Brasil cohort

	Quartile 1¹ (n = 2550)		Quartile 2 (n = 2551)		Quartile 3 (n = 2551)		Quartile 4 (n = 2550)			Total (n = 10202)
	Median or N²	IQR or %	Median or N	IQR or %	Median or N	IQR or %	Median or N	IQR or %	P value	Median or N	IQR or %
Ultra-processed foods (g/d)	166	120–204	301	267–335	453	412–504	758	652–940	< 0.0001	372	235–565
Age (years)	53	47–59	50	44–57	49	44–55	48	43–54	< 0.0001	50	44–57
Sex									< 0.0001
Female	1516	59.5	1564	61.3	1501	58.8	1265	49.6		5846	57.3
School achievement									< 0.0001
Less than elementary	140	5.5	74	2.9	64	2.5	92	3.6		370	3.6
Elementary	158	6.2	116	4.5	121	4.7	146	5.7		541	5.3
Secondary	832	32.6	823	32.3	864	33.9	901	35.3		3420	33.5
College/University	1420	55.7	1538	60.3	1502	58.9	1411	55.3		5871	57.6
Income (reais)	1380	726–2282	1522	913–2352	1452	747–2352	1452	726–2075	0.09	1452	726–2282
Race/color									< 0.0001
Black	429	16.8	322	12.6	349	13.7	376	14.7		1476	14.5
Brown	745	29.2	737	28.9	686	26.9	622	24.4		2790	27.3
White	1256	49.3	1419	55.6	1446	56.7	1476	57.9		5597	54.9
Asian	91	3.6	53	2.1	54	2.1	49	1.9		247	2.4
Indigenous	29	1.1	20	0.8	16	0.6	27	1.1		92	0.9
Family history of diabetes	934	36.6	912	35.8	892	35.0	937	36.8	0.51	3675	36.0
Smoking									0.05
Never	1520	59.6	1591	62.4	1534	60.1	1505	59.0		6150	60.3
Former	733	28.8	687	26.9	708	27.8	703	27.6		2831	27.7
Current	297	11.7	273	10.7	309	12.1	342	13.4		1221	12.0
Physical activity (METs/w)	297	0–960	330	0–1056	240	0–960	198	0–891	0.04	264	0–960
Alcohol (g/w)	9	0–69.9	0	0–64.0	0	0–62.6	0	0–65.6	0.01	0	0–65.6
Hypertension	843	33.1	706	27.7	660	25.9	730	28.6	< 0.0001	2939	28.8
Energy intake (kcal/d)	1985	1610–2461	2280	1882–2800	2596	2132–3158	3103	2459–3878	<0 .0001	2450	1946–3120
Red meat (g/d)	42	19–80	42	30–80	46	40–89	65	40–102	< 0.0001	45	36–88
Fruits and vegetables (g/d)	434	276–621	427	280–625	440	291–637	432	278–650	0.004	432	281–632
Saturated fat (g/d)	21	16–27	26	20–33	30	24–39	37	28–48	< 0.0001	28	21–37
Fiber (g/d)	25	19–33	27	21–36	29	22–38	32	24–43	< 0.0001	28	21–38
Sugar (g/d)	84	63–112	102	80–131	121	95–156	158	118–203	< 0.0001	113	83–154
BMI (kg/m²)	25.5	23.1–28.2	25.4	23.1–28.6	26.0	23.4–28.8	26.7	24.0–29.9	< 0.0001	25.9	23.4–28.9
T2DM incidence³	459	18.0	404	15.8	425	16.7	511	20.0	0.0005	1799	17.6

¹UPF consumption: quartile 1 ≤ 235 g/day, quartile 2 236–372 g/day, quartile 3 373–565 g/day, and quartile 4 ≥ 566 g/day
²Quantitative variables are expressed as the median and interquartile range (IQR), and categorical variables as the number of people (N) and percentage (%)
³T2DM = Type 2 diabetes mellitus

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ISSN: 1758-5996

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