Vitamin D improves the antidiabetic effectiveness of aerobic training via modulation of Akt, PEPCK, and G6Pase expression

Table 3 Comparison of mean ± SD of visceral fat, insulin, glucose, HOMA-IR, and vitamin D after the intervention among the groups

Variables	D + AT + HD	D + AT + MD	D + HD	D + MD	D + AT + oil	D + C	SHAM	P-value^a
Insulin (μU/mL)	3.33 ± 0.23^F	3.51 ± 0.03^E	4.52 ± 0.03^C	4.90 ± 0.02^B	3.81 ± 0.03^D	6.21 ± 0.02^A	1.66 ± 0.020^G	0.001^¥
Glucose (mmol/L)	173.75 ± 2.37^F	214.25 ± 2.54^E	240.62 ± 2.66^C	266.37 ± 2.66^B	233.37 ± 1.68^D	292.87 ± 2.90^A	121.75 ± 2.49^G	0.001^¥
HOMA-IR	1.43 ± 0.08^F	1.86 ± 0.03^E	2.68 ± 0.04^C	3.22 ± 0.04^B	2.19 ± 0.02^D	4.49 ± 0.04^A	0.49 ± 0.01^G	0.001^¥
Vit D (nmol/L)	143.75 ± 2.81^A	125.62 ± 1.40^C	140.62 ± 2.13^AB	122.62 ± 2.32^CD	86.37 ± 2.26^F	80.12 ± 2.03^G	104.62 ± 2.38^E	0.001^¥

Data analysis was done by the analysis of one-way analysis of variance test followed by post hoc Tukey’s test
HOMA-IR: homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance; Vit D: serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D; D + AT + HD: diabetic + aerobic training + high dose of vitamin D; D + AT + MD: diabetic + aerobic training + moderate dose of vitamin D; HD: diabetic + high dose of vitamin D; MD: diabetic + moderate dose of vitamin D; D + AT + oil: diabetic + aerobic training + sesame oil; D + C: diabetic + sesame oil; SHAM: non-diabetic control
The mean values followed by different letters (A, B, C, D, E, F, and G) mean significantly different at the 0.05 level (p < 0.05). The values followed by the same letter are not significantly different. Dissimilar letters represent a significant difference between the groups
^¥Significantly different between groups
^aP-value: Statistical analysis was done by one-way analysis test

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