Vitamin D improves the antidiabetic effectiveness of aerobic training via modulation of Akt, PEPCK, and G6Pase expression

Table 2 Comparison of mean ± SD of body weight, BMI, FI and WC before and after intervention

Variables	D + AT + HD	D + AT + MD	D + HD	D + MD	D + AT + oil	D + C	SHAM	P-value^a
Body weight (g)
Before	316.87 ± 1.72	316.87 ± 1.72	308.75 ± 2.60	306 ± 2.50	313.87 ± 1.88	313.87 ± 1.88	224.12 ± 4.96
After	281.62 ± 2.06	286.62 ± 2.38	293.37 ± 2.55	295.62 ± 2.26	293.50 ± 2.20	293.50 ± 2.20	228.87 ± 5.27
P^†	0.001*	0.001*	0.001*	0.001*	0.001*	0.001*	0.001*
Δ	− 35.25 ± 0.462^A	− 30.25 ± 2.434^B	− 15.37 ± 0.517^D	− 10.37 ± 0.744^E	− 20.37 ± 0.517^C	16.75 ± 0.464^G	4.75 ± 0.460^F	0.001^¥
BMI (kg/m²)
Before	0.78 ± 0.138	0.79 ± 0.061	0.83 ± 0.068	0.75 ± 0.083	0.81 ± 0.059	0.81 ± 0.105	0.60 ± 0.062
After	0.70 ± 0.122	0.72 ± 0.056	0.79 ± 0.064	0.72 ± 0.081	0.76 ± 0.056	0.85 ± 0.111	0.61 ± 0.064
P^†	0.001*	0.002*	0.004*	0.011*	0.003*	0.004*	0.046*
Δ	− 0.08 ± 0.0158^A	− 0.06 ± 0.005^B	− 0.04 ± 0.003^D	− 0.02 ± 0.002^E	− 0.05 ± 0.004^C	0.04 ± 0.006^G	0.01 ± 0.001^F	0.001^¥
FI (g/d)
Before	20.25 ± 2.12	18.87 ± 1.35	17.25 ± 1.48	16.75 ± 1.48	18.12 ± 2.16	19.87 ± 1.88	12.75 ± 1.66
After	16.37 ± 1.68	15.75 ± 1.28	15.12 ± 1.24	15.12 ± 1.52	15.43 ± 2.63	22.62 ± 1.76	13.37 ± 1.50
P^†	0.001*	0.001*	0.003*	0.013*	0.002*	0.001*	0.049*
Δ	− 3.87 ± 1.246^A	− 3.12 ± 0.640^ABCD	− 2.12 ± 0.640^DE	− 1.62 ± 0.231^E	− 2.68 ± 0.883^CDE	2.75 ± 0.462^β	0.62 ± 0.744^F	0.001^¥

Data analysis was done by paired t-test, and the analysis of one-way analysis of variance test followed by post hoc Tukey’s test
BMI: body mass index; FI: food intake; D + AT + HD: diabetic + aerobic training + high dose of vitamin D; D + AT + MD: diabetic + aerobic training + moderate dose of vitamin D; HD: Diabetic + High Dose Of Vitamin D; MD: diabetic + moderate dose of vitamin D; D + AT + oil: diabetic + aerobic training + sesame oil; D + C: diabetic + sesame oil; SHAM: non-diabetic control
The mean values followed by different letters (A, B, C, D, E, F, and G) mean significantly different at the 0.05 level (p < 0.05). The values followed by the same letter are not significantly different. Dissimilar letters represent a significant difference between the groups
^†P: Statistical analysis was done by paired sample t-test
*Significantly different in comparison pre and post-within the groups
^¥Significantly different comparing Δ between groups
^aP-value: Statistical analysis was done by one-way analysis test

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