Table 2 Characteristics of the study population stratified by glycemic variability according to standard deviation and coefficient of variation values
From: Association between inpatient glycemic variability and COVID-19 mortality: a prospective study
SD < 44.7 | SD ≥ 44.7 | p | CV < 27.5 | CV ≥ 27.5 | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Patients—n (%) | 357 (56.84%) | 271 (43.15%) | 318 (50.63%) | 310 (49.36%) | ||
Age (years)—(mean ± SD) | 56.15 ± 16.41 | 64.18 ± 13.97 | < 0.001 | 55.5 ± 15.9 | 63.79 ± 14.76 | < 0.001 |
Male gender—n (%) | 238 (66.7%) | 175 (64.6%) | 0.584 | 211 (66.4%) | 202 (65.2%) | 0.753 |
Comorbidities | ||||||
Hypertension | 158 (44.3%) | 170 (62.7%) | < 0.001 | 141 (44.3%) | 187 (60.3%) | < 0.001 |
Diabetes mellitus | 53 (14.8%) | 153 (56.5%) | < 0.001 | 52 (16.4%) | 154 (49.7%) | < 0.001 |
Cardiovascular disease | 29 (8.1%) | 56 (20.7%) | < 0.001 | 26 (8.2%) | 59 (19%) | < 0.001 |
Cerebrovascular disease | 8 (2.2%) | 13 (4.8%) | 0.078 | 6 (1.9%) | 15 (4.8%) | 0.04 |
Chronic kidney disease | 9 (2.5%) | 15 (5.5%) | 0.051 | 4 (2.5%) | 20 (6.5%) | 0.01 |
Malignancy | 20 (5.6%) | 7 (2.6%) | 0.065 | 16 (5%) | 11 (3.5%) | 0.36 |
Dyslipidemia | 75 (21%) | 99 (36.5%) | < 0.001 | 65 (20.4%) | 109 (35.2%) | < 0.001 |
Obesity* | 116 (32.6%) | 84 (31.2%) | 0.719 | 104 (32.8%) | 96 (31.2%) | 0.661 |
Pulmonary disease | 24 (6.7%) | 31 (11.4%) | 0.038 | 20 (6.3%) | 35 (11.3%) | 0.027 |
Dexamethasone** | 324 (90.8%) | 262 (96.7%) | 0.03 | 288 (90.6%) | 298 (96.1%) | 0.05 |
Laboratory findings (median/IQR) | ||||||
WBC count (× 103 cells/μL) | 7.4 (5.6–10.2) | 7.7 (5.8–11) | 0.213 | 7.4 (5.8–10.3) | 7.6 (5.8–10.7) | 0.342 |
Lymphocytes (/μL) | 11 (7–17.5) | 11 (1–16) | 0.076 | 11 (7–17) | 11 (7–16) | 0.091 |
Platelets (× 103 cells/μL) | 191 (149–239) | 182 (142–235) | 0.348 | 194 (152.8–240) | 179.5 (139.8–234) | 0.143 |
CRP (mg/dL) | 11.7 (37.9–146) | 114.7 (46.8–159.5) | 0.211 | 91.35 (39.1–150.8) | 81.5 (41.4–156.1) | 0.917 |
Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.89 (0.74–1.08) | 0.93 (0.76–1.19) | < 0.001 | 0.89 (0.7–1.06) | 0.93 (0.77–1.18) | < 0.001 |
Neutrophils-lymphocytes ratio | 7.2 (4.4–12.7) | 7.7 (4.7–12.9) | 0.46 | 7.5 (4.4–12.7) | 7.55 (4.5–12.9) | 0.512 |
Capillary glucose levels (mean ± SD) (mg/dL) | 125.7 (± 16.6) | 195.5 (± 47.2) | < 0.001 | 130.8 (± 31.1) | 181.4 (± 49) | < 0.001 |
Hypoglycemia | 21 (5.9%) | 38 (14%) | < 0.001 | 13 (4.1%) | 46 (14.8%) | 0.01 |
ICU admission | 191 (53.5%) | 183 (67.5%) | < 0.001 | 171 (53.8%) | 203 (65.5%) | 0.003 |
Mechanical ventilation | 93 (26.1%) | 136 (50.2%) | < 0.001 | 89 (28%) | 140 (45.2%) | < 0.001 |
Acute renal failure | 30 (8.4%) | 37 (13.7%) | 0.035 | 28 (8.8%) | 39 (12.6%) | 0.125 |
Length of hospital stay (median, IQR) | 9 (6–16) | 12 (7–24) | < 0.001 | 9 (5–17) | 12 (7–22) | < 0.001 |
Mortality | 45 (12.6%) | 86 (31.7%) | < 0.001 | 39 (12.3%) | 92 (29.7%) | < 0.001 |