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Table 1 Metabolic characteristics, echocardiographic and haemodynamic parameters of experimental rats

From: Therapeutic effects on the development of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction by the sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor dapagliflozin in type 2 diabetes

Variable

Lean

ZDF

ZDF + Dapa

Metabolic characteristics

 BW (g)

344.8 ± 25.1

466.3 ± 31.6*

419.8 ± 27.9#

 HW (g)

1.25 ± 0.12

1.37 ± 0.13

1.35 ± 0.13

 HW/BW (g/kg)

3.32 ± 0.17

3.39 ± 0.19

3.25 ± 0.24

 HW/TL (g/cm)

0.322 ± 0.014

0.353 ± 0.018*

0.344 ± 0.017*

 FBG (mmol/L)

6.5 ± 0.8

18.4 ± 2.6*

11.3 ± 1.7#

 HbA1c (%)

5.1 ± 0.9

15.8 ± 3.2*

10.4 ± 2.7#

 24 h urine glucose (mg/200 g BW)

2.8 ± 0.5

275.4 ± 21.1*

4790.4 ± 746.7#

 Creatinine (mg/dl)

0.72 ± 0.13

0.65 ± 0.15

0.63 ± 0.11

 ANP (pg/mL)

82.4 ± 21.0

213.5 ± 56.3*

188.2 ± 54.9*

 NT-proBNP (pg/mL)

253.5 ± 62.7

863.3 ± 127.5*

475.2 ± 112.3#

Echocardiographic parameters

 LVIDs (mm)

7.73 ± 0.58

7.74 ± 0.66

7.68 ± 0.67

 LVIDd (mm)

11.87 ± 0.67

11.74 ± 0.71

11.61 ± 0.78

 LVAWs (mm)

2.30 ± 0.15

2.71 ± 0.17*

2.46 ± 0.12#

 LVAWd (mm)

1.59 ± 0.09

1.75 ± 0.07*

1.70 ± 0.05

 LVPWs (mm)

2.49 ± 0.11

2.64 ± 0.15

2.67 ± 0.13

 LVPWd (mm)

1.74 ± 0.09

1.86 ± 0.11*

1.77 ± 0.09

 RWT

0.41 ± 0.03

0.45 ± 0.05

0.43 ± 0.05

 LVmass (g)

0.90 ± 0.03

0.95 ± 0.05

0.96 ± 0.06

 LVmass/TL (g/cm)

0.22 ± 0.01

0.27 ± 0.02*

0.24 ± 0.01

 LVmass index (g/kg)

2.38 ± 0.18

2.79 ± 0.22*

2.68 ± 0.20

 IVSd (mm)

2.59 ± 0.13

2.76 ± 0.15

2.70 ± 0.13

 E/e'

2.17 ± 0.18

2.31 ± 0.19*

2.26 ± 0.21#

 E/A

1.71 ± 0.12

1.63 ± 0.12*

1.65 ± 0.11

 DT (ms)

62.1 ± 10.1

76.8 ± 11.9*

75.6 ± 10.6

 IVRT (ms)

31.2 ± 1.6

34.9 ± 1.9*

32.6 ± 1.3#

Haemodynamic parameters

 HR (bpm)

321 ± 19

328 ± 17

330 ± 16

 MAP (mmHg)

95 ± 8

106 ± 11*

98 ± 7#

 EF (%)

76.9 ± 3.3

74.8 ± 2.7

77.9 ± 3.7

 CO (mL/min)

70 ± 6

68 ± 7

70 ± 6

 dP/dtmax (mmHg/s)

4042 ± 324

3881 ± 202

4167 ± 263

 dP/dtmin (mmHg/s)

− 3366 ± 252

− 2857 ± 194*

− 3095 ± 271#

  1. Values are expressed as the mean ± SD. n = 8 per group. *P < 0.05 vs. Lean; #P < 0.05 vs. ZDF. HW, heart weight; TL: tibia length; AW: anterior wall thickness; PW: posterior wall thickness; LVID: LV internal diameter; RWT: relative wall thickness; IVSd: inter ventricular septum at end-diastole; DT: deceleration time; IVRT: iso-volumetric relaxation time; MAP: mean arterial pressure; EF: ejection fraction; CO: cardiac output; dP/dtmax and dP/dtmin: maximal and minimal slope of dP/dt. The ‘s’ and ‘d’ after the acronyms indicate end-systolic and end-diastolic, respectively