Table 1 Clinical characteristics between GDM and non-GDM in twin pregnancies
|  | GDM (N = 599) | Non-GDM (N = 2140) | T value/×2 value | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | 34.40 ± 3.75 | 33.23 ± 3.92 | 6.516 | < 0.001 |
Parity (Primipara %) | 463 (77.30%) | 1673 (78.18%) | 0.212 | 0.645 |
Gravidity | 1.60 ± 0.97 | 1.59 ± 0.90 | 0.322 | 0.748 |
Pre-pregnancy BMI | 23.29 ± 3.44 | 22.07 ± 3.30 | 7.717 | < 0.001 |
Family history of diabetes | 69 (11.52%) | 132 (6.17%) | 19.707 | < 0.001 |
Assisted reproductive technology | 328 (63.11%) | 1192 (55.70%) | 10.488 | 0.001 |
History of PCOS | 78 (13.02%) | 180 (8.41%) | 11.660 | 0.001 |
History of GDM | 5 (0.83%) | 9 (0.42%) | 0.869 | 0.351 |
History of macrosomia delivery | 4 (0.68%) | 9 (0.42%) | 0.243 | 0.872 |
FPG (first trimester) | 4.75 ± 0.42 | 4.59 ± 0.37 | 8.462 | < 0.001 |
|  | N = 599 | N = 2140 |  |  |
|---|---|---|---|---|
First trimester | ||||
 CHO | 4.44 ± 0.76 | 4.34 ± 0.76 | 2.941 | 0.003 |
 TG | 1.56 ± 0.71 | 1.36 ± 0.68 | 6.129 | < 0.001 |
 HDL | 1.60 ± 0.40 | 1.66 ± 0.40 | -3.108 | 0.002 |
 LDL | 2.21 ± 0.61 | 2.10 ± 0.61 | 3.91 | < 0.001 |
 LDL/HDL | 1.47 ± 0.56 | 1.34 ± 0.52 | 4.964 | < 0.001 |
 Test week | 9.28 ± 2.03 | 9.31 ± 2.02 | − 0.268 | 0.788 |
|  | N = 378 | N = 970 |  |  |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Second trimester | ||||
 CHO | 6.20 ± 1.22 | 6.33 ± 1.15 | − 1.765 | 0.078 |
 TG | 3.09 ± 1.19 | 2.79 ± 1.13 | 4.379 | < 0.001 |
 HDL | 1.78 ± 0.41 | 1.88 ± 0.43 | − 3.907 | < 0.001 |
 LDL | 3.17 ± 1.06 | 3.28 ± 1.02 | − 1.856 | 0.064 |
 LDL/HDL | 1.83 ± 0.62 | 1.82 ± 0.66 | 0.279 | 0.781 |
 Test week | 25.04 ± 2.00 | 24.94 ± 1.93 | 0.651 | 0.515 |
|  | N = 378 | N = 970 |  |  |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Changes between the first and second trimesters | ||||
 ∆CHO | 1.73 ± 1.05 | 2.01 ± 0.94 | − 4.491 | < 0.001 |
 ∆TG | 1.53 ± 1.01 | 1.43 ± 0.91 | 1.697 | 0.09 |
 ∆HDL | 0.22 ± 0.30 | 0.25 ± 0.31 | − 1.559 | 0.119 |
 ∆LDL | 0.86 ± 0.97 | 1.14 ± 0.90 | − 4.896 | < 0.001 |
 ∆LDL/HDL | 0.27 ± 0.60 | 0.43 ± 0.56 | − 4.404 | < 0.001 |