Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants by diabetes status and sex

Variables

No diabetes (n = 7,956)

Prediabetes (n = 2,578)

Undiagnosed diabetes (n = 339)

Diagnosed diabetes (n = 1,250)

No diabetes (n = 7,491)

Prediabetes (n = 2,828)

Undiagnosed diabetes (n = 437)

Diagnosed diabetes (n = 1,285)

Age (year)

43.1 ± 0.32

57.0 ± 0.32

57.9 ± 1.02

60.4 ± 0.46

40.9 ± 0.29

52.8 ± 0.40

56.4 ± 0.97

59.6 ± 0.49

Race/ethnicity (%)

Non-Hispanic White

71.82

65.99

50.42

59.61

72.24

62.97

56.50

64.74

Non-Hispanic Black

9.51

14.99

20.83

17.21

8.318

15.34

11.61

12.80

Hispanic-Mexican

7.16

6.33

8.92

8.81

8.40

8.92

11.14

8.14

Other

11.52

12.68

19.84

14.36

11.04

12.77

20.74

14.32

Smoking status (%)

Never

59.54

58.91

61.59

56.44

48.26

38.40

40.76

38.55

Former

19.09

23.36

24.53

27.16

25.31

35.05

38.10

42.28

Current

21.37

17.73

13.88

16.40

26.43

26.55

21.13

19.17

Adequate physical activity (%)

50.09

35.38

24.77

29.97

60.23

43.75

36.13

37.05

BMI (kg/m2)

27.2 ± 0.11

31.1 ± 0.21

34.0 ± 0.62

33.3 ± 0.28

27.2 ± 0.07

29.6 ± 0.18

32.7 ± 0.64

31.9 ± 0.36

Normal weight

43.46

21.54

12.86

13.52

35.25

20.28

8.56

13.93

Overweight

29.02

28.88

24.98

24.15

40.48

40.53

31.63

30.87

Obesity

27.52

49.58

62.16

62.33

24.27

39.18

59.81

55.20

Hypertension (%)

26.94

56.00

65.89

75.07

28.32

49.19

55.08

68.61

Systolic BP, mmHg

118.1 ± 0.29

129.7 ± 0.56

133.6 ± 1.13

133.2 ± 0.87

121.5 ± 0.30

126.9 ± 0.48

132.5 ± 1.80

130.0 ± 0.63

Diastolic BP, mmHg

70.1 ± 0.23

71.1 ± 0.38

70.5 ± 1.07

67.0 ± 0.63

72.4 ± 0.23

73.1 ± 0.41

74.8 ± 1.14

71.0 ± 0.57

CVD (%)

4.97

11.30

14.40

27.94

5.7140

16.19

15.61

26.99

Cancer (%)

8.091

13.53

12.6

16.12

5.862

12.42

4.932

16.11

eGFR (mL/min per 1.73 m²)

101.1 ± 0.45

87.9 ± 0.55

90.5 ± 1.81

82.1 ± 1.00

99.7 ± 0.40

90.0 ± 0.56

91.6 ± 1.34

83.9 ± 0.85

CKD (%)

4.56

11.73

14.23

21.35

3.07

9.92

6.89

18.67