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Table 1 Baseline demographics and clinical characteristics of patients before inverse probability treatment weighting

From: Comparing angiotensin receptor–neprilysin inhibitors with sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors for heart failure with diabetes mellitus

Variable

Available

Before GBM-IPTWa

After GBM-IPTWb

Number

ARNI

SGLT2i

STDc

ARNI

SGLT2i

STDc

Number of patients

1.487

647

840

–

1192.6

1284.5

–

Age, year

1.487

64.3 ± 13.3

63.0 ± 12.4

0.10

63.9 ± 12.9

63.5 ± 12.5

0.04

Male

1.487

504 (77.9)

646 (76.9)

0.02

76.4

76.8

− 0.01

Smoke

1.487

237 (36.6)

306 (36.4)

 < 0.01

36.9

35.3

0.03

Body mass index, kg/m2

1.196

26.6 ± 4.9

26.2 ± 4.7

0.08

26.6 ± 5.0

26.2 ± 4.7

0.09

Baseline vital sign

 Systolic blood pressure, mmHg

1.346

126.9 ± 21.9

127.1 ± 22.8

− 0.01

128.3 ± 22.6

126.7 ± 23.0

0.07

 Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg

1.346

73.4 ± 14.0

73.8 ± 14.0

− 0.03

73.7 ± 13.9

73.5 ± 14.0

0.02

 Heart rate, bpm

1.345

81.2 ± 16.2

83.6 ± 16.0

− 0.15

81.6 ± 16.1

83.3 ± 16.2

− 0.10

Echocardiography result

 LVEF, %

1.487

29.0 ± 6.5

31.6 ± 6.8

− 0.38

29.8 ± 6.6

31.0 ± 6.8

− 0.17

 LVEDD, mm

1.487

61.7 ± 8.5

58.2 ± 8.0

0.43

60.6 ± 8.4

59.1 ± 8.0

0.19

 LVESD, mm

1.485

52.6 ± 9.4

48.4 ± 8.2

0.48

51.4 ± 9.6

49.3 ± 8.3

0.23

 LA diameter, mm

1.486

45.2 ± 7.7

43.5 ± 8.0

0.23

44.9 ± 7.6

43.7 ± 8.0

0.15

 MR severity

1.487

      

  Severe

 

31 (4.9)

34 (4.1)

0.04

4.54

4.47

 < 0.01

  Moderate

 

156 (24.5)

134 (16.0)

0.21

23.2

17.2

0.15

  Mild

 

367 (57.5)

527 (63.0)

− 0.11

58.5

62.1

− 0.08

  Trivial/None

 

84 (13.2)

141 (16.9)

− 0.10

13.8

16.2

− 0.07

Lab

 Serum creatinine, mg/dL

1.478

1.20 ± 0.40

1.07 ± 0.33

0.35

1.16 ± 0.38

1.09 ± 0.34

0.19

 eGFR, mL/min/1.73m2

1.478

69.3 ± 25.5

77.9 ± 27.7

− 0.32

71.6 ± 26.1

76.4 ± 27.2

− 0.18

 NT-Pro BNP, pg/mL

353

1936 [600, 5279]

2141 [749, 4876]

NA

1746 [513, 4562]

2130 [662, 4923]

NA

 BNP, pg/mL

709

804 [289, 1551]

697 [289, 1368]

NA

804 [297, 1664]

685 [279, 1320]

NA

 HbA1C, %

1.487

7.3 ± 1.4

8.5 ± 1.9

− 0.72

7.6 ± 1.6

8.1 ± 1.9

− 0.30

 Sodium (Na), mEq/L

1.196

139.0 ± 4.0

138.7 ± 3.5

0.09

138.9 ± 3.9

138.7 ± 3.6

0.06

 Potassium (K), mEq/L

1.327

4.2 ± 0.5

4.1 ± 0.5

0.14

4.2 ± 0.5

4.1 ± 0.5

0.07

 Uric acid, mg/dL

1.063

7.0 ± 2.3

6.9 ± 2.2

0.06

6.9 ± 2.2

6.9 ± 2.3

0.04

 AST, U/L

944

33.0 ± 21.6

33.2 ± 24.2

− 0.01

32.2 ± 20.7

32.6 ± 23.1

− 0.04

 ALT, U/L

1.368

30.2 ± 25.7

31.7 ± 25.5

− 0.06

28.7 ± 24.1

31.5 ± 25.1

− 0.11

 LDL-C, mg/dL

1.426

66.8 ± 42.7

66.3 ± 51.8

0.01

68.9 ± 43.4

66.7 ± 50.0

0.05

 Total cholesterol, mg/dL

1.376

157.8 ± 39.2

162.2 ± 43.0

− 0.11

159.8 ± 40.9

161.3 ± 42.0

− 0.04

 Hemoglobin, g/dL

1.206

13.4 ± 2.2

13.3 ± 2.3

0.06

13.4 ± 2.1

13.3 ± 2.2

0.03

HHF in the previous month

1.487

193 (29.8)

346 (41.2)

− 0.24

32.5

40.2

− 0.16

HHF in the previous year

1.487

353 (54.6)

472 (56.2)

− 0.03

56.2

56.7

− 0.01

Number of HHF in the previous 3 years

1.487

      

 0

 

238 (36.8)

329 (39.2)

− 0.05

36.3

38.8

− 0.05

 1

 

258 (39.9)

404 (48.1)

− 0.17

42.8

47.2

− 0.09

  ≥ 2, frequent

 

151 (23.3)

107 (12.7)

0.28

20.9

14.0

0.18

Acute pulmonary oedema

1.487

54 (8.3)

65 (7.7)

0.02

7.8

7.6

0.01

Comorbidity

 Hypertension

1.487

488 (75.4)

611 (72.7)

0.06

75.0

72.1

0.07

 Coronary artery disease

1.487

356 (55.0)

473 (56.3)

− 0.03

55.1

54.2

0.02

 Dyslipidemia

1.487

391 (60.4)

498 (59.3)

0.02

60.2

57.8

0.05

 Chronic kidney disease

1.487

257 (39.7)

241 (28.7)

0.23

36.9

31.1

0.12

 Myocardial infarction

1.487

186 (28.7)

301 (35.8)

− 0.15

28.6

33.6

− 0.11

 Atrial fibrillation

1.487

174 (26.9)

154 (18.3)

0.21

23.5

19.1

0.11

 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

1.487

154 (23.8)

131 (15.6)

0.21

22.8

15.9

0.18

 Stroke

1.487

87 (13.4)

99 (11.8)

0.05

12.7

11.1

0.05

 Peripheral artery disease

1.487

73 (11.3)

71 (8.5)

0.10

10.9

8.4

0.09

 Liver cirrhosis

1.487

15 (2.3)

20 (2.4)

 < 0.01

2.0

2.2

− 0.02

Heart failure agents

 RASi (other than ARNI)

1.487

–

753 (89.6)

–

–

89.7

–

 Beta-blocker

1.487

581 (89.8)

756 (90.0)

− 0.01

89.3

89.3

 < 0.01

 Loop diuretics

1.487

469 (72.5)

526 (62.6)

0.21

71.3

64.8

0.14

 MRAs

1.487

371 (57.3)

424 (50.5)

0.14

59.1

52.3

0.14

 Nitrates

1.487

286 (44.2)

414 (49.3)

− 0.10

43.1

46.5

− 0.07

 DHP-CCB

1.487

103 (15.9)

112 (13.3)

0.07

15.2

12.9

0.06

 Alpha-blocker

1.487

72 (11.1)

97 (11.5)

− 0.01

10.5

12.6

− 0.07

 Vasodilators

1.487

19 (2.9)

26 (3.1)

− 0.01

2.4

2.9

− 0.03

 Thiazides

1.487

16 (2.5)

12 (1.4)

0.08

2.1

1.3

0.07

Hypoglycemic agents

 Metformin

1.487

336 (51.9)

700 (83.3)

− 0.71

62.9

76.6

− 0.30

 Sulfonylurea

1.487

188 (29.1)

444 (52.9)

− 0.50

36.4

48.0

− 0.24

 DPP4i

1.487

277 (42.8)

317 (37.7)

0.10

45.8

39.6

0.13

 Alpha-Glucosidase

1.487

44 (6.8)

103 (12.3)

− 0.19

6.5

11.6

− 0.18

 Glinide

1.487

14 (2.2)

35 (4.2)

− 0.11

2.6

4.1

− 0.09

 GLP1-RA

1.487

20 (3.1)

13 (1.5)

0.10

3.1

1.4

0.12

 Insulin

1.487

80 (12.4)

137 (16.3)

− 0.11

12.8

15.0

− 0.06

Other medications

 Statin

1.487

436 (67.4)

646 (76.9)

− 0.21

69.7

75.4

− 0.13

 Aspirin

1.487

340 (52.6)

581 (69.2)

− 0.35

56.6

65.1

− 0.17

 P2Y12

1.487

220 (34.0)

391 (46.5)

− 0.26

37.4

43.2

− 0.12

 Anticoagulation (NOAC, warfarin)

1.487

155 (24.0)

168 (20.0)

0.10

20.8

20.5

0.01

 Digoxin

1.487

102 (15.8)

99 (11.8)

0.12

14.4

12.1

0.07

 Amiodarone

1.487

71 (11.0)

60 (7.1)

0.13

10.0

8.1

0.07

 Follow up years

1.487

2.5 ± 1.4

2.2 ± 1.5

0.17

2.4 ± 1.4

2.2 ± 1.4

0.15

  1. ALT alanine aminotransferase, ARNI angiotensin receptor–neprilysin inhibitor, AST aspartate aminotransferase, BNP B-type natriuretic peptide, DHP-CCB dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers, DPP4i dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, GBM generalized boosted modelling, GLP1-RA glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, HbA1c glycohemoglobin, HHF hospitalization for heart failure, IPTW inverse probability treatment weighting, LA left atrium, LDL-C low density lipoprotein cholesterol, LVEDD left ventricular end-diastolic diameter, LVEF left ventricular ejection fraction, LVESD left ventricular end-systolic diameter, MR mitral regurgitation, MRAs mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, NOACs novel oral anticoagulants, NT-Pro BNP N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide, NYHA New York Heart Association, P2Y12 purinergic receptor P2Y, G protein–coupled,12, RASi renin–angiotensin system inhibitors, SGLT2i sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors, STD standardized difference
  2. aData before GBM-IPTW are presented as frequencies (percentages), means ± standard deviations, or medians [quantile 1, quantile 3]
  3. bData after GBM-IPTW are presented as percentages, means ± standard deviations, or medians [quantile 1, quantile 3]
  4. cAn absolute standardized difference of < 0.2 indicated a non-substantial difference between groups
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Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome

ISSN: 1758-5996

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