Co-administration of exercise training and melatonin on the function of diabetic heart tissue: a systematic review and meta-analysis of rodent models

Table 4 Forest plot results of the effect of exercise on diabetic heart tissue

Outcome	Number of studies	Effect size and 95% interval			Test of null (2-Tail)		Heterogeneity
Outcome	Number of studies	Point estimate	Lower limit	Upper limit	Z-value	P-value	Q-value	df (Q)	P-value	I-squared
SOD	5	3.32	1.61	5.03	3.81	< 0.001	29.47	4	< 0.001	86.42
GPX	5	4.50	0.30	8.70	2.10	0.036	102.65	4	< 0.001	96.10
MDA	8	− 4.76	− 8.68	− 0.84	− 2.38	0.017	176.87	7	< 0.001	96.04
Caspase3	5	− 11.45	− 16.58	− 6.33	− 4.38	< 0.001	100.85	4	< 0.001	96.03
Plasma glucose	12	− 2.77	− 3.77	− 1.78	− 5.50	< 0.001	79.59	11	< 0.001	86.18
Bcl-2	5	2.92	− 0.93	6.77	1.48	0.138	77.49	4	< 0.001	94.83
Bax	5	− 1.62	− 6.78	3.53	− 0.61	0.536	117.49	4	< 0.001	96.59
Apoptosis index	3	− 6.53	− 11.64	− 1.41	− 2.50	0.012	21.64	2	< 0.001	90.76
Total cholesterol	2	− 7.56	− 9.21	− 5.91	− 8.98	< 0.001	0.037	1	0.848	0
Triglyceride (mg/dL)	2	− 3.40	− 5.19	− 1.62	− 3.75	< 0.001	3.71	1	0.054	73.06
HDL	2	9.28	− 1.35	19.92	1.71	0.087	25.84	1	< 0.001	96.13
VLDL	2	− 6.92	− 10.03	− 3.82	− 4.37	< 0.001	4.00	1	0.045	75.05
VEGF	5	3.69	1.83	5.55	3.89	< 0.001	33.46	4	< 0.001	88.04
IL-6	2	− 1.26	− 8.63	6.11	− 0.33	0.738	36.98	1	< 0.001	97.29
TNF-a	2	− 11.86	− 15.05	− 8.66	− 7.27	< 0.001	0.005	1	0.994	0
IL-1β (ng/ml)	2	− 5.20	− 13.12	2.72	− 1.28	0.198	19.69	1	< 0.001	94.92
p53	4	− 6.34	− 13.74	1.04	− 1.68	0.093	94.09	3	< 0.001	96.81

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