Table 1 Baseline characteristics of study participants classified by metabolic health and IR status
|  | All Subjects (n = 114,143) | MH (n = 56,311, 49.3%) | MS without IR (n = 40,255, 35.3%) | MS with IR (n = 17,577, 15.4%) | p value* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 39.6 ± 7.8 | 37.8 ± 7.2 | 42.0 ± 8.0 | 39.6 ± 7.9 | < 0.001 |
Sex (male) | 65,342 (57.2) | 23,430 (41.6) | 29,751 (73.9) | 12,161 (69.2) | < 0.001 |
Center (Seoul) | 56,201 (49.2) | 29,434 (52.3) | 20,179 (50.1) | 6,588 (37.5) | < 0.001 |
Height (cm) | 168.2 ± 8.4 | 166.5 ± 8.3 | 169.8 ± 8.1a | 170.0 ± 8.3 a | < 0.001 |
Weight (kg) | 67.1 ± 13.1 | 61.8 ± 11.2 | 71.0 ± 11.4 | 77.7 ± 13.9 | < 0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 23.6 ± 3.3 | 22.1 ± 2.7 | 24.2 ± 2.8 | 26.8 ± 3.7 | < 0.001 |
Smoking status |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
Non smoker | 6,483 (57.4) | 39,504 (70.2) | 17,520 (43.5) | 8,459 (48.1) | Â |
Ex-smoker | 29,669 (26.0) | 10,641 (18.9) | 13,639 (33.9) | 5,3889 (30.7) | Â |
Current smoker | 18,991 (16.6) | 6,166 (10.9) | 9,096 (22.6) | 3,729 (21.2) | Â |
Smoking (pack-years) | 3.8 ± 7.3 | 2.1 ± 5.1 | 5.7 ± 8.7 | 5.2 ± 8.5 | < 0.001 |
Alcohol intake | 104,986 (92.0) | 51,572 (91.6) | 37,156 (92.3) | 16,258 (92.5) | < 0.001 |
No alcohol | 9,157 (8.0) | 4,739 (8.4) | 3,099 (7.7) | 1,319 (7.5) | Â |
Amount of alcohol consumption (g/day) | 13.9 ± 21.5 | 10.6 ± 17.4 | 17.3 ± 24.5 | 16.2 ± 24.0 | < 0.001 |
Moderate physical activity frequency (times/week) (n = 113,742) | 0.87 ± 1.42 | 0.87 ± 1.43 | 0.94 ± 1.46 | 0.71 ± 1.26 | < 0.001 |
Regular exercise (≥ 3 times/week) (n = 113,742) | 15,346 (13.5) | 7,743 (13.8) | 5,863 (14.6) | 1,740 (9.9) | < 0.001 |
High education (≥ college graduate) (n = 111,747) | 94,181 (84.3) | 47,630 (86.2) | 32,687 (83.1) | 13,864 (80.7) | < 0.001 |
Total bilirubin (mg/dL) | 0.80 ± 0.36 | 0.80 ± 0.36 | 0.83 ± 0.36 | 0.72 ± 0.33 | < 0.001 |
ALT (U/L) (n = 113,969) | 18.0 (13.0–27.0) | 15 (11–21) | 21 (15–29) | 28 (18–43) | < 0.001 |
Serum creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.81 ± 0.17 | 0.77 ± 0.17 | 0.86 ± 0.17 | 0.84 ± 0.18 | < 0.001 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 195.4 ± 33.8 | 187.8 ± 28.9 | 202.7 ± 36.3 a | 203.1 ± 36.7 a | < 0.001 |
Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 95 (67–141) | 74 (57–96) | 128 (87–178) | 153 (108–222) | < 0.001 |
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 60.8 ± 16.6 | 67.9 ± 15.2 | 55.3 ± 15.4 | 50.6 ± 13.4 | < 0.001 |
LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 126.6 ± 32.6 | 117.3 ± 28.3 | 135.9 ± 33.9 a | 135.4 ± 33.9 a | < 0.001 |
Fasting glucose (mg/dl) | 94.9 ± 13.8 | 89.4 ± 5.9 | 97.7 ± 12.0 | 106.1 ± 23.5 | < 0.001 |
HbA1c | 5.48 ± 0.48 | 5.35 ± 0.25 | 5.53 ± 0.46 | 5.77 ± 0.82 | < 0.001 |
Insulin | 6.04 (4.24–8.56) | 4.96 (3.59–6.64) | 6.18 (4.64–7.84) | 12.76 (11.20-15.51) | < 0.001 |
HOMA-IR | 1.40 (0.95–2.05) | 1.10 (0.78–1.49) | 1.50 (1.10–1.92) | 3.19 (2.77–3.99) | < 0.001 |
hsCRP (mg/L) (n = 88,275) | 0.04 (0.03–0.08) | 0.03 (0.02–0.06) | 0.05 (0.03–0.09) | 0.08 (0.04–0.15) | < 0.001 |
Systolic BP (mmHg) | 109.5 ± 12.5 | 104.1 ± 9.4 | 114.0 ± 12.8 | 116.8 ± 12.7 | < 0.001 |
Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 71.0 ± 9.8 | 66.8 ± 7.2 | 74.8 ± 10.2 | 75.9 ± 10.1 | < 0.001 |
Measured FEV1 (liter) | 3.32 ± 0.68 | 3.42 ± 0.66 | 3.39 ± 0.65 | 3.22 ± 0.68 | < 0.001 |
FEV1% | 97.7 ± 10.7 | 98.6 ± 10.7 | 97.1 ± 10.7 | 96.0 ± 10.7 | < 0.001 |
Measured FVC (liter) | 4.04 ± 0.86 | 4.22 ± 0.83 | 4.16 ± 0.83 | 3.87 ± 0.86 | < 0.001 |
FVC% | 97.9 ± 10.7 | 98.7 ± 10.7 | 97.3 ± 10.5 | 96.4 ± 11.0 | < 0.001 |
FEV1(L)/FVC(L) ratio | 0.83 ± 0.06 | 0.84 ± 0.06 | 0.81 ± 0.06 | 0.82 ± 0.05 | < 0.001 |
Diabetes | 2,227 (2.0) | 0 (0) | 1,240 (3.1) | 987 (5.6) | < 0.001 |
Hypertension | 8,241 (7.2) | 0 (0) | 5,567 (13.8) | 2,674 (15.2) | < 0.001 |