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Table 1 Basic characteristics of long-duration T2DM patients divided by number of factors that stand for unhealthy lifestyle

From: Unhealthy lifestyle associated with increased risk of macro- and micro-vascular comorbidities in patients with long-duration type 2 diabetes: results from the Taiwan Diabetes Registry

 

All

0 factor

1 factor

≥ 2 factors

p-value

(n = 1188)

(n = 488)

(n = 536)

(n = 164)

Age (years)

65.9 (11.4)

65.8 (10.8)

65.5 (11.5)

67.5 (12.9)

0.191

Male % (n)

52.6% (625)

57.4% (280)

50.4% (270)

45.7% (75)

0.013*

BMI (kg/m2)

26.2 (4.2)

26.0 (4.0)

26.3 (4.1)

26.8 (4.7)

0.103

Waist (cm)

90.8 (10.6)

90.1 (9.9)

90.7 (10.8)

93.0 (12.0)

0.024*

Waist-to-hip ratio

0.93 (0.07)

0.93 (0.07)

0.93 (0.07)

0.94 (0.08)

0.182

Systolic BP (mmHg)

132.8 (16.3)

132 (16)

133 (16)

136 (20)

0.105

Diastolic BP (mmHg)

74.4 (10.6)

74 (10)

74 (10)

76 (13)

0.058

Fasting glucose (mg/dL)

141.7 (46.2)

140 (46)

141 (44)

151 (55)

0.045*

HbA1c (%)

7.6 (1.3)

7.5 (1.3)

7.6 (1.2)

7.8 (1.5)

0.019*

LDL cholesterol (mg/dL)

89.9 (26.4)

89 (25)

90 (27)

92 (29)

0.704

Triglyceride (mg/dL)

133.2 (104.2)

127 (89)

134 (115)

149 (109)

0.011*

Creatinine (mg/dL)

1.1 (0.9)

1.1 (0.9)

1.1 (0.9)

1.3 (1.1)

0.002**

ALT (U/L)

28.7 (21.1)

28 (21)

29 (20)

29 (24)

0.718

Years of diabetes

14.0 (8.5)

13.9 (8.4)

13.7 (8.3)

15.3 (9.3)

0.252

Smoking % (n)

28.0% (333)

29.1% (142)

26.5% (142)

29.9% (49)

0.554

Alcohol drinking % (n)

19.2% (228)

22.1% (108)

17.2% (92)

17.1% (28)

0.100

Low education % (n)

5.2% (62)

4.7% (23)

5.2% (28)

6.7% (11)

0.611

High education % (n)

16.9% (201)

20.3% (99)

15.3% (82)

12.2% (20)

0.023*

Capital residence % (n)

8.8% (104)

8.8% (43)

8.6% (46)

9.1% (15)

0.974

Married % (n)

83.7% (994)

84.6% (413)

85.1% (456)

76.2% (125)

0.021*

Statin % (n)

48.8% (551)

45.1% (220)

47.8% (256)

45.7% (75)

0.696

Metformin % (n)

74.9% (846)

71.7% (350)

73.1% (392)

63.4% (104)

0.016*

AGI % (n)

12.3% (139)

11.3% (55)

12.5% (67)

10.4% (17)

0.692

SU % (n)

51.9% (586)

48% (234)

53.4% (286)

40.2% (66)

0.006**

TZD % (n)

7.7% (87)

7% (34)

8.2% (44)

5.5% (9)

0.455

SGLT2i % (n)

3.4% (38)

2% (10)

3.7% (20)

4.9% (8)

0.141

DPP4i % (n)

38.4% (434)

38.1% (186)

35.8% (192)

34.1% (56)

0.486

GLP1RA % (n)

1.3% (15)

0.6% (3)

1.1% (6)

3.7% (6)

0.011*

Insulin % (n)

28.5% (338)

26.8% (131)

26.3% (141)

40.2% (66)

0.001**

  1. Number of factors standing for unhealthy lifestyle: scoring by sleep duration, sit duration and frequency of meals and night snack. Continuous variables were analyzed using the Kruskal–Wallis test and are presented as mean values and (standard deviation); Categorical variables were analyzed using the Chi-square test and are presented as percentages (number)
  2. BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; LDL, low density lipoprotein; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AGI, alpha glucosidase inhibitor; SU, sulfonylurea; TZD, thiazolidinedione; SGLT2i, sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor; DPP4i, dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor; GLP1RA, glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist
  3. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; the bold values refer to variables with p < 0.05
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Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome

ISSN: 1758-5996

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