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Table 3 Pooled estimates of vitamin D on T2DM biomarkers according to WMD analysis

From: Effect of vitamin D supplementation on type 2 diabetes biomarkers: an umbrella of interventional meta-analyses

Group

No. of comparisons

WMD (95% CI)

P-value

I2 (%)

P-heterogeneity

Vit D supplementation on FBS levels

    

Total

15

− 3.08 (− 3.97, − 2.19)

 < 0.001

92..0

 < 0.001

Sample size

 

 ≤ 500

4

− 13.77 (− 20.92, − 6.63)

 < 0.001

81.0

 < 0.001

500–1000

6

− 5.79 (− 9.08, − 2.49)

 < 0.001

78.8

 < 0.001

 > 1000

4

− 0.13 (− 0.35, 0.08)

0.226

49.5

0.115

NR

1

− 1.76 (− 4.07, 0.55)

0.135

–

–

Age (year)

 

 ≤ 50

4

− 7.54 (− 12.31, − 2.77)

0.002

88.0

 < 0.001

 > 50

6

− 8.09 (− 13.38, − 2.80)

0.003

91.6

 < 0.001

NR

5

− 0.19 (− 0.53, 0.16)

0.285

69.1

0.011

Health condition

     

GDM

2

− 10.83 (− 13.60, − 8.07)

 < 0.001

0.0

0.461

CVD

1

− 15.67 (− 29.32, − 2.03)

0.024

–

–

NAFLD

2

− 5.12 (− 8.33, − 1.91)

0.002

0.0

0.934

Diabetes

6

− 1.86 (− 3.42, − 0.29)

0.020

72.0

0.003

CKD

1

− 18.87 (− 23.16, − 14.58)

 < 0.001

–

–

Different diseases

2

− 11.22 (− 30.39, 7.95)

0.251

84.5

0.011

Elderly people with different diseases

1

− 0.10 (− 0.31, 0.11)

0.362

–

–

Duration (week)

     

 ≤ 15

5

− 13.62 (− 18.18, − 9.05)

 < 0.001

68.4

0.013

 > 15

6

− 2.76 (− 3.87, − 1.66)

 < 0.001

0.0

0.736

NR

4

− 0.13 (− 0.37, 0.12)

0.301

56.9

0.073

Dose (IU/day)

     

 ≤ 4000

7

− 9.86 (− 14.90, − 4.81)

 < 0.001

92.4

 < 0.001

 > 4000

4

− 3.70 (− 5.55, − 1.85)

 < 0.001

0.0

0.747

NR

4

− 0.13 (− 0.37, 0.12)

0.301

56.9

0.073

Vit D supplementation on HbA1c levels

    

Total

11

− 0.05 (− 0.10, − 0.01)

0.016

50.4

0.028

Sample size

 

 ≤ 500

3

− 0.09 (− 0.19, − 0.00)

0.040

0.0

0.401

500–1000

5

− 0.02 (− 0.07, 0.03)

0.390

40.0

0.155

 > 1000

3

− 0.14 (− 0.31, 0.03)

0.105

71.4

0.030

Age (year)

 

 ≤ 50

2

− 0.09 (− 0.36, 0.19)

0.537

60.7

0.111

 > 50

8

− 0.08 (− 0.15, − 0.01)

0.019

58.6

0.018

NR

1

− 0.04 (− 0.07, − 0.00)

0.025

–

–

Health condition

     

diabetes

6

− 0.06 (− 0.13, 0.00)

0.063

63.4

0.018

prediabetes

2

− 0.07 (− 0.12, − 0.01)

0.015

0.0

0.733

CKD

1

− 0.69 (− 1.71, 0.33)

0.185

–

–

Diabetic Nephropathy

1

0.01 (− 0.07, 0.09)

0.806

–

–

different diseases

1

− 0.29 (− 0.65, 0.07)

0.114

–

–

Duration (week)

     

 ≤ 15

2

− 0.18 (− 0.54, 0.19)

0.339

16.1

0.275

 > 15

8

− 0.06 (− 0.13, − 0.00)

0.040

60.2

0.014

NR

1

− 0.04 (− 0.07, − 0.00)

0.025

–

–

Dose (IU/day)

     

 ≤ 4000

5

− 0.13 (− 0.23, − 0.03)

0.008

32.3

0.206

 > 4000

4

− 0.06 (− 0.16, 0.05)

0.309

57.5

0.070

NR

2

− 0.03 (− 0.07, 0.01)

0.176

20.6

0.262

Vit D supplementation on HOMA-IR levels

    

Total

17

− 0.67 (− 1.01, − 0.32)

 < 0.001

96.2

 < 0.001

Sample size

 

 ≤ 500

10

− 0.91 (− 1.61, − 0.21)

0.010

95.8

 < 0.001

500–1000

4

− 0.72 (− 1.25, − 0.18)

0.009

84.1

 < 0.001

 > 1000

3

− 0.15 (− 0.43, 0.12)

0.264

78.3

0.010

Age (year)

 

 ≤ 50

8

− 1.08 (− 1.78, − 0.37)

0.003

94.5

 < 0.001

 > 50

5

− 0.05 (− 0.49, 0.40)

0.839

82.5

 < 0.001

NR

4

− 0.62 (− 0.99, − 0.25)

 < 0.001

76.8

0.005

Gender

     

Women

2

− 1.08 (− 1.35, − 0.81)

 < 0.001

0.0

0.858

Both

15

− 0.59 (− 0.93, − 0.24)

 < 0.001

95.6

 < 0.001

Health condition

     

GDM

2

− 1.07 (− 1.40, − 0.73)

 < 0.001

0.0

0.876

PCOS

4

− 0.01 (− 0.44, 0.43)

0.975

85.6

 < 0.001

NAFLD

2

− 0.21 (− 1.35, 0.94)

0.726

88.9

0.003

Diabetes

4

− 0.23 (− 0.51, 0.05)

0.104

74.7

0.008

CKD

1

− 2.30 (− 2.88, − 1.72)

 < 0.001

–

–

Pregnancy

1

− 1.11 (− 1.54, − 0.68)

 < 0.001

–

–

CVD

1

− 1.07 (− 1.49, − 0.66)

 < 0.001

–

–

different diseases

2

− 2.07 (− 2.74, − 1.40)

 < 0.001

0.0

0.504

Duration (week)

 

 ≤ 15

6

− 1.57 (− 2.10, − 1.05)

 < 0.001

74.0

0.002

 > 15

8

− 0.06 (− 0.35, 0.23)

0.694

88.0

 < 0.001

NR

3

− 0.58 (− 1.02, − 0.14)

0.009

82.0

0.004

Dose (IU/day)

 

 ≤ 4000

10

− 0.98 (− 1.51, − 0.44)

 < 0.001

96.8

 < 0.001

 > 4000

4

− 0.12 (− 0.58, 0.35)

0.615

70.0

0.019

NR

3

− 0.58 (− 1.02, − 0.14)

0.009

82.0

0.004

Vit D supplementation on Insulin levels

    

Total

9

− 2.62 (− 4.11, − 1.13)

 < 0.001

82.2

 < 0.001

Sample size

 

 ≤ 500

5

− 2.50 (− 6.31, 1.31)

0.199

58.0

0.049

 > 500

4

− 3.12 (− 4.72, − 1.52)

 < 0.001

87.1

 < 0.001

Age (year)

 

 ≤ 50

4

− 2.59 (− 5.69, 0.51)

0.102

89.8

 < 0.001

 > 50

3

− 5.97 (− 13.49, 1.55)

0.120

33.2

0.224

NR

2

− 2.45 (− 4.46, − 0.43)

0.017

91.4

 < 0.001

Health condition

     

GDM

2

− 4.88 (− 6.59, − 3.17)

 < 0.001

0.0

0.656

prediabetes

1

− 13.45 (− 25.85, − 1.05)

0.034

–

–

Diabetes

2

− 1.48 (− 2.00, − 0.95)

 < 0.001

0.0

0.445

NAFLD

1

0.76 (− 0.53, 2.05)

0.248

–

–

CKD

1

− 2.25 (− 7.18, 2.67)

0.371

–

–

CVD

1

− 3.53 (− 4.59, − 2.46)

 < 0.001

–

–

different diseases

1

− 2.94 (− 4.70, − 1.19)

 < 0.001

–

–

Duration (week)

 

 ≤ 15

3

− 4.60 (− 6.21, − 2.98)

 < 0.001

0.0

0.555

 > 15

4

− 2.28 (− 6.06, 1.50)

0.237

81.2

 < 0.001

NR

2

− 2.45 (− 4.46, − 0.43)

0.017

91.4

 < 0.001

Dose (IU/day)

 

 ≤ 4000

4

− 4.71 (− 6.44, − 2.98)

 < 0.001

3.3

0.376

 > 4000

3

− 1.27 (− 4.79, 2.25)

0.479

83.1

0.003

NR

2

− 2.45 (− 4.46, − 0.43)

0.017

91.4

 < 0.001

  1. N, Number; NR, not reported
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Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome

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