Table 1 Baseline characteristics according to DKD/MAFLD phenotype
no-DKD (n = 1,132,531) | PU+DKD (n = 15,619) | PU−DKD (n = 40,963) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MAFLD− | MAFLD+ | MAFLD− | MAFLD+ | MAFLD− | MAFLD+ | ||
n | 848,716 | 283,815 | 9107 | 6512 | 32,768 | 8195 | |
Male | 507,170 (59.76) | 231,817 (81.68) | 6670 (73.24) | 5390 (82.77) | 12,627 (38.53) | 4475 (54.61) | < 0.001 |
Age (years) | 57.48 ± 11.88 | 52.62 ± 11.3 | 60.14 ± 10.45 | 53.79 ± 10.75 | 70.62 ± 8.09 | 67.96 ± 8.79 | < 0.001 |
BMI (mg/k2) | 23.89 ± 2.62 | 27.91 ± 3.23 | 24 ± 2.61 | 28.3 ± 3.62 | 24.27 ± 2.69 | 28.56 ± 3.19 | < 0.001 |
WC (cm) | 82.17 ± 7.09 | 92.86 ± 7.38 | 83.72 ± 6.81 | 94.17 ± 8.05 | 83.98 ± 7.28 | 95.46 ± 7.22 | < 0.001 |
Current smoker | 198,817 (23.43) | 109,561 (38.6) | 2613 (28.69) | 2558 (39.28) | 2883 (8.8) | 1137 (13.87) | < 0.001 |
Heavy drinker | 58,984 (6.95) | 54,637 (19.25) | 805 (8.84) | 1380 (21.19) | 599 (1.83) | 517 (6.31) | < 0.001 |
Regular Exercise | 200,956 (23.68) | 55,512 (19.56) | 2138 (23.48) | 1259 (19.33) | 6648 (20.29) | 1508 (18.4) | < 0.001 |
Comorbidities | |||||||
Hypertension | 409,799 (48.28) | 169,157 (59.6) | 6818 (74.87) | 5118 (78.59) | 26,963 (82.28) | 7234 (88.27) | < 0.001 |
Dyslipidemia | 322,792 (38.03) | 130,242 (45.89) | 4819 (52.92) | 3891 (59.75) | 18,350 (56) | 4939 (60.27) | < 0.001 |
IHD | 126,334 (14.89) | 37,077 (13.06) | 1911 (20.98) | 1144 (17.57) | 10,708 (32.68) | 2689 (32.81) | < 0.001 |
AF | 7394 (0.87) | 2295 (0.81) | 171 (1.88) | 106 (1.63) | 936 (2.86) | 273 (3.33) | < 0.001 |
Stroke | 48,612 (5.73) | 11,547 (4.07) | 923 (10.14) | 394 (6.05) | 5466 (16.68) | 1199 (14.63) | < 0.001 |
PAD | 147,245 (17.35) | 39,420 (13.89) | 2151 (23.62) | 1111 (17.06) | 10,198 (31.12) | 2422 (29.55) | < 0.001 |
CVD | 256,905 (30.27) | 71,782 (25.29) | 3815 (41.89) | 2111 (32.42) | 18,938 (57.79) | 4561 (55.66) | < 0.001 |
Heart failure | 18,840 (2.22) | 5978 (2.11) | 357 (3.92) | 201 (3.09) | 2917 (8.9) | 772 (9.42) | < 0.001 |
Severity of diabetes | |||||||
FPG ≥ 150 mg/dL | 175,770 (20.71) | 84,175 (29.66) | 3787 (41.58) | 3340 (51.29) | 6040 (18.43) | 2022 (24.67) | < 0.001 |
FPG (mg/dL) | 131.11 ± 41.77 | 141.98 ± 45.4 | 154.7 ± 58 | 164.19 ± 53.07 | 127.41 ± 43.07 | 136.17 ± 46.43 | < 0.001 |
DM ≥ 5 yrs | 297,221 (35.02) | 65,008 (22.91) | 5938 (65.2) | 2803 (43.04) | 20,628 (62.95) | 4365 (53.26) | < 0.001 |
Insulin use | 59,635 (7.03) | 13,919 (4.9) | 1997 (21.93) | 835 (12.82) | 5445 (16.62) | 1256 (15.33) | < 0.001 |
≥ 2 oral GLD | 346,564 (40.83) | 102,721 (36.19) | 5862 (64.37) | 3615 (55.51) | 18,700 (57.07) | 4541 (55.41) | < 0.001 |
PDR | 3751 (0.44) | 437 (0.15) | 346 (3.8) | 99 (1.52) | 359 (1.1) | 50 (0.61) | < 0.001 |
SBP (mmHg) | 126.3 ± 14.78 | 131.15 ± 14.51 | 132.64 ± 16.82 | 136.69 ± 16.86 | 129.64 ± 16.05 | 132.05 ± 16.01 | < 0.001 |
DBP (mmHg) | 77.37 ± 9.59 | 81.7 ± 9.87 | 79.46 ± 10.53 | 84.18 ± 11.1 | 76.38 ± 10.17 | 79 ± 10.17 | < 0.001 |
eGFR (mL/min/1.73m2) | 91.69 ± 36.74 | 92.26 ± 40.4 | 87.31 ± 35.03 | 91.7 ± 46.9 | 50.58 ± 7.29 | 50.78 ± 7.28 | < 0.001 |
Non HDL-C (mg/dL) | 136.22 ± 38.54 | 155.02 ± 43.5 | 139.24 ± 43.11 | 160.8 ± 51.24 | 132.94 ± 40.33 | 147.64 ± 57.7 | < 0.001 |
AST (IU/L)* | 23.75 (23.73–23.77) | 32.63 (32.57–32.69) | 23.57 (23.38–23.76) | 33.44 (33.01–33.87) | 23.14 (23.06–23.23) | 28.61 (28.32–28.9) | < 0.001 |
ALT (IU/L)* | 22.6 (22.58–22.63) | 37.86 (37.78–37.94) | 22.52 (22.29–22.75) | 36.85 (36.33–37.38) | 19.03 (18.94–19.13) | 27.6 (27.26–27.94) | < 0.001 |
γGTP (IU/L)* | 27.78 (27.74–27.81) | 74.51 (74.3–74.72) | 31.27 (30.86–31.69) | 78.87 (77.37–80.39) | 22.79 (22.65–22.92) | 49.13 (48.33–49.94) | < 0.001 |