Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study subjects
From: Is vitamin B12 deficiency a risk factor for gastroparesis in patients with type 2 diabetes?
Characteristics | Patients with T2D (n = 100) | Healthy control (n = 50) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 53.78 ± 9.65 | 53.36 ± 8.58 | 0.791 |
Gender | Â | Â | 0.940 |
 Women/Men | 52/48 | 26/24 |  |
Duration of diabetes (years) | 17 (11–22) | – | – |
Medications |  | – | – |
 Insulin alone | 40 (40%) |  |  |
 SU alone | 17 (17%) |  |  |
 SGLT2 inhibitors alone | 7 (7%) |  |  |
 TZD alone | 6 (6%) |  |  |
 Metformin alone | 7 (7%) |  |  |
 Insulin & metformin | 11 (11%) |  |  |
 Insulin & TZD | 5 (5%) |  |  |
 Insulin & SGLT2 inhibitors | 7 (7%) |  |  |
BMI (Kg/m2) | 36.47 ± 5.10 | 21.87 ± 2.01 |  < 0.0001* |
WC (cm) | 106.95 ± 21.21 | 79.32 ± 6.39 |  < 0.001* |
SBP (mm Hg) | 146.08 ± 13.81 | 109.52 ± 8.69 |  < 0.001* |
DBP (mm Hg) | 92.84 ± 8.89 | 71.92 ± 3.94 |  < 0.001* |
History of hypertension n (%) | 63 (63%) | – | – |
Retinopathy n (%) | 32 (32%) | – | – |
 Proliferative retinopathy n (%) | 22 (22%) |  |  |
 Non proliferative retinopathy n (%) | 10 (10%) |  |  |
Nephropathy n(%) | 24 (24%) | – | – |
Peripheral neuropathy n (%) | 43 (43%) | – | – |
 Moderate n (%) | 25 (25%) |  |  |
 Severe n (%) | 18 (18%) |  |  |
FPG (mg/dl) | 160.84 ± 33.26 | 84.44 ± 9.17 |  < 0.001* |
2 h PPG (mg/dl) | 256.71 ± 52.97 | 118.89 ± 11.85 |  < 0.001* |
HbA1c (%) | 9 ± 1.56 | 5.91 ± 0.30 |  < 0.001* |
TC (mg/dl) | 269.03 ± 49.50 | 166.46 ± 14.29 |  < 0.001* |
TGs (mg/dl) | 208.53 ± 46.17 | 92.76 ± 16.88 |  < 0.001* |
LDL-C (mg/dl) | 141.55 ± 32.79 | 77.78 ± 10.56 |  < 0.001* |
HDL-C (mg/dl) | 40.50 ± 5.40 | 59.28 ± 3.34 |  < 0.001* |
Vitamin B12 level (pmol/L) | 150 (47–569) | 309 (127- 654) |  < 0.001* |
Vitamin B12 deficiency n (%) | 35 (35%) | 0 | 0.001* |