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Table 1 Comparisons in clinical parameters among NC group, T2DM group, and DFU group [n (%), ( ± s), M (P25, P75)]

From: Level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and vitamin D receptor in diabetic foot ulcer and factor associated with diabetic foot ulcers

Variable

NC group

(n = 100)

T2DM group

(n = 100)

DFU group

(n = 156)

P value

Sex (male/female)

100(57/43)

100(54/46)

156 (88/68)

0.899

Age (year)

55.1 ± 11.9

54.9 ± 12.3

55.6 ± 11.2

0.581

Duration of diabetes (year)

–

0.4 ± 0.2

12.1 ± 6.4d

 < 0.001

Duration of ulcers (week)

–

–

7.2 ± 2.6

–

Smoking habits

44 (44.0)

48 (48.0)

80 (51.3)

0.522

Alcohol consumption

23 (23.0)

26 (26.0)

43 (27.6)

0.717

Mean sunshine time per day (h)

4.1 (1.9, 6.3)

3.9 (1.7, 6.1)

2.8 (1.2, 5.7)bd

0.002

Winter enrollment

39 (39.0)

40 (40.0)

69 (44.2)

0.661

Wagner grade (2/3/4)

–

–

20/108/28

–

Severity of infection (mild/ moderate/ severe)

–

–

20/94/42

–

First episode/ recurrence of foot ulcer

–

–

105/51

–

SBP (mm Hg)

122 ± 11

127 ± 13

132 ± 14

0.082

DBP (mm Hg)

74 ± 12

78 ± 13

82 ± 14

0.078

FPG (mmol/L)

4.9 ± 0.5

9.8 ± 2.4b

12.3 ± 2.7bd

 < 0.001

HbA1c (%)

5.2 ± 0.4

8.5 ± 1.7b

9.3 ± 1.6bc

 < 0.001

TG (mmol/L)

1.4 ± 0.6

1.8 ± 0.6b

2.2 ± 0.7bc

0.021

TCH (mmol/L)

4.2 ± 0.7

4.9 ± 0.6

4.6 ± 0.7

0.558

LDL-C (mmol/L)

2.5 ± 0.3

2.9 ± 0.4

2.8 ± 0.5

0.318

HDL-C (mmol/L)

1.5 ± 0.2

1.2 ± 0.3a

0.9 ± 0.3bc

 < 0.001

PTH (pg/mL)

14.5 ± 4.2

15.1 ± 5.3

17.8 (10.5,42.4)

0.274

Serum ionic calcium (mmol/L)

0.92 ± 0.22

0.89 ± 0.19

0.86 ± 0.16

0.652

eGFR (ml/min/1.73m2)

104.4 ± 16.5

98.4 ± 10.2

75.7 ± 15.6bc

 < 0.001

ALB (g/L)

45.2 ± 3.2

44.2 ± 3.5

37.2 ± 4.8bc

0.014

Hb (g /L)

134.4 ± 8.4

129.4 ± 10.2

113.7 ± 12.6bc

0.028

TcPO2 (mmHg)

76.4 ± 7.2

70.5 ± 8.9

48.5 ± 10.2bd

 < 0.001

ABI

1.15 ± 0.14

1.04 ± 0.19

0.74 ± 0.29bd

 < 0.001

CRP ( mg/L)

6.5 ± 0.9

7.1 ± 1.0

46.8 (27.5, 92.4)bd

 < 0.001

WBC (× 109)

4.3 ± 0.5

4.7 ± 0.6

11.5 ± 4.3bd

 < 0.001

ESR (mm/h)

12.6 ± 1.3

12.8 ± 2.2

33.8 (25.9, 89.5)bd

 < 0.001

25(OH)VD (ng/mL)

23.8 (15.7,33.7)

15. 7 (8.6,24.6)a

10.3(5.8, 18.7) bc

 < 0.001

Vit D status

   

 < 0.001

 Deficiency

28 (28.0)

54 (54.0)

112 (71.8)bc

 

 Insufficiency

52 (52.0)

36 (36.0)

36 (23.1)bc

 

 Sufficiency

20 (20.0)

10 (10.0)

8 (5.1)bc

 

P-IL-6 (pg/ml)

14.1 ± 4.4

21.4 ± 8.3

48.4 ± 12.5bd

 < 0.001

P-IL-10 (ng/L)

4.6 ± 1.1

4.0 ± 1.3

3.5 ± 1.5

0.105

T-IL-6

–

–

3.58 (1.87, 6.25)

–

T-IL-10

–

–

0.59 (0.14, 1.26)

–

T-VDR

–

–

2.68 (0.65, 5.26)

–

  1. Data are presented mean ± standard deviations or numbers (%) or median with IQR; Differences among three groups analyzed using one-way analysis of variance or x2 test, and least-significant difference (LSD) analysis was used for comparison between the two groups. versus NC group, aP < 0.05, bP < 0.01; versus T2DM group, cP < 0.05, dP < 0.01
  2. NC normal control group, T2DM type 2 diabetes group, DFU diabetic foot ulcer group, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, FPG fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c glycated hemoglobin A1c, TG triacylglycerol, TCH total cholesterol, LDL-C low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL-C high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, PTH parathyroid hormone, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, TcPO2 transcutaneous oxygen pressure, ABI ankle brachial index, CRP C-reactive protein, WBC white blood cell, ESR erythrocyte sedimentation rate, 25(OH)VD 25-hydroxyvitamin D, Vit D vitamin D, IL interleukin, P-IL-6 IL-6 level in peripheral blood, P-IL-10 IL-10 level in peripheral blood, T-IL-6 IL-6 mRNA expression in wound margin tissue, T-IL-10 IL-10 mRNA expression in wound margin tissue, T-VDR vitamin D receptor mRNA expression in wound margin tissue
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Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome

ISSN: 1758-5996

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