Table 2 Future Targets

11β Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase

Glucocorticoids

High levels cause glucose intolerance

By inhibiting 11β-HSD Decrease in blood glucose levels, improved insulin sensitivity

[55]

ACRP-30

Hormone

Low levels cause insulin sensitivity

Increase in Acrp30 will increase the insulin sensitivity and decrease in blood glucose levels

[56,57,58]

FETUIN-A

Glycoprotein

Involved in the inflammation of the β-cells

Low levels of Fetuin-A will increase the insulin sensitivity

[59]

VISFATIN

Protein

Attaches to the insulin receptor

Insulin-mimetic action

[60]

METRNL

Adipokine

Cause up regulation of the PPARγ pathway

Increase in the insulin sensitivity

[61]

[62, 63]

PEDF (Pigment epithelium-derived factor)

Glycoprotein

Increase kinase-mediated Serine/Threonine phosphorylation cascade of IRS which causes insulin resistance

Decreasing level of PEDF increases the insulin sensitivity

[64]

VASPIN (SERPIN A12)

Serum glycoprotein

Vaspin performs its action by inhibiting the KLK7

Due to inhibition of KLK7, insulin signalling is improved and also the half-life of insulin is increased that helps in decreasing the blood glucose levels

[65, 66]

GPER (G protein-coupled estrogen receptor)

Glycoprotein

Regulation of glucose homeostasis by binding to both Gi/o and Gs proteins

Increase insulin secretion

[67,68,69]

GENE THERAPY

Gene

Act by correcting or repairing the defective genes

Suppression of auto reactive T cells to stop islet cells destruction

[70, 71]