Table 2 Intake of dietary variables of participants across tertiles of dietary insulin load and dietary glycemic index
| Â | Glycemic insulin load | glycemic insulin index | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T1 | T3 | P value | T1 | T3 | P value | |
Total energy (kcal/d) | 1993 ± 34 | 2705 ± 34 | < 0.001 | 2183 ± 35 | 2399 ± 35 | < 0.001 |
Carbohydrate (% of total energy) | 62.3 ± 0.4 | 65.1 ± 0.4 | 0.002 | 60.0 ± 0.4 | 66.7 ± 0.4 | 0.016 |
Protein (% of total energy) | 14.9 ± 0.3 | 14.4 ± 0.3 | 0.548 | 14.8 ± 0.3 | 14.4 ± 0.3 | 0.576 |
Fat (% of total energy) | 30.8 ± 0.2 | 29.5 ± 0.2 | < 0.001 | 30.9 ± 0.2 | 29.4 ± 0.2 | < 0.001 |
SFA (% of total energy) | 9.9 ± 0.1 | 9.8 ± 0.1 | 0.824 | 9.9 ± 0.1 | 9.8 ± 0.1 | 0.533 |
MUFA (% of total energy) | 10.4 ± 0.1 | 10.2 ± 0.1 | 0.252 | 10.4 ± 0.1 | 10.1 ± 0.1 | 0.177 |
PUFA (% of total energy) | 6.3 ± 0.1 | 6.2 ± 0.1 | 0.053 | 6.2 ± 0.1 | 6.1 ± 0.1 | 0.099 |
Total fiber (g/d) | 39.1 ± 0.7 | 45.7 ± 0.7 | < 0.001 | 43.0 ± 0.7 | 46.0 ± 0.7 | 0.001 |
Cholesterol (g/d) | 202 ± 8 | 258 ± 8 | < 0.001 | 224 ± 8 | 225 ± 8 | 0.085 |
Sugar sweetened beverages | 24.7 ± 2.2 | 43.8 ± 2.2 | < 0.001 | 28.9 ± 2.2 | 36.0 ± 2.2 | 0.036 |
Vegetables (g/d) | 293 ± 6 | 288 ± 6 | 0.529 | 312 ± 6 | 262 ± 6 | < 0.001 |
Fruit (g/d) | 354 ± 11 | 423 ± 11 | < 0.001 | 355 ± 11 | 387 ± 11 | 0.007 |
Meat, processed meat and organ meat (g/d) | 23.8 ± 0.8 | 31.2 ± 0.8 | < 0.001 | 26.4 ± 0.8 | 29.8 ± 0.8 | < 0.001 |
Poultry and fish (g/d) | 35.5 ± 9.0 | 59.0 ± 9.0 | 0.154 | 38.8 ± 9.0 | 52.4 ± 9.0 | 0.550 |
Whole grain (g/d) | 113 ± 3 | 166 ± 3 | < 0.001 | 127 ± 3 | 148 ± 3 | < 0.001 |
Refined grain (g/day) | 250 ± 6 | 419 ± 6 | < 0.001 | 263 ± 6 | 395 ± 6 | < 0.001 |
Nuts (g/d) | 77.8 ± 2.7 | 90.2 ± 2.7 | 0.005 | 71.3 ± 2.7 | 85.5 ± 2.7 | 0.046 |
Legumes (g/d) | 37.8 ± 1.1 | 34.6 ± 1.1 | 0.027 | 41.1 ± 1.1 | 29.9 ± 1.1 | < 0.001 |
Dairy products (g/d) | 327 ± 8 | 455 ± 8 | < 0.001 | 361 ± 9 | 408 ± 5 | < 0.001 |