Table 1 Characteristics of the subjects according to GA/HbA1C ratio

GA/HbA1c

 < 2.45

2.45–2.72

2.73–3.16

 > 3.16

–

–

Male (n, %)

754 (42.5%)

824 (45.8%)

867 (48.1%)

851 (48.9%)

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

Age (years)

58 ± 13

60 ± 13

60 ± 13

62 ± 13

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

*DD (months)

96 (36–156)

96 (36–168)

108 (36–168)

84 (24–156)

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

Hypertension (n, %)

1016 (57.2%)

1005 (55.9%)

956 (53.0%)

918 (52.8%)

0.017

 < 0.001

Obesity (n, %)

1066 (60.0%)

897 (49.9%)

704 (39.0%)

655 (37.6%)

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

Smoking (n, %)

393 (22.1%)

395 (22.0%)

358 (19.9%)

339 (19.5%)

0.104

 < 0.001

Alcohol (n, %)

305 (17.2%)

280 (15.6%)

326 (18.1%)

268 (15.4%)

0.050

0.045

IIAs (n, %)

1201 (67.6%)

1195 (66.5%)

1346 (74.7%)

1299 (74.7%)

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

LLDs (n, %)

880 (49.5%)

760 (42.3%)

634 (35.2%)

507 (29.1%)

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

Metformin (n, %)

1192 (67.1%)

1130 (62.8%)

1006 (55.8%)

887 (51.0%)

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

Insulin sensitizers (n,%)

309 (17.4%)

250 (13.9%)

271 (15.0%)

153 (8.8%)

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

SBP (mmHg)

133 ± 17

132 ± 17

132 ± 18

132 ± 18

0.676

0.04

DBP (mmHg)

81 ± 9

80 ± 10

80 ± 9

80 ± 10

0.008

0.089

WC (cm)

92.05 ± 10.39

90.34 ± 10.23

88.02 ± 10.04

86.90 ± 10.44

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

WHR

0.93 ± 0.06

0.92 ± 0.07

0.91 ± 0.07

0.91 ± 0.07

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

BMI (kg/m2)

26.04 ± 3.58

25.35 ± 3.44

24.35 ± 3.28

24.02 ± 3.42

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

*FPG(mmol/l)

7.41 (6.01–9.30)

7.51(6.03–9.39)

7.87(6.26–10.02)

8.15 (6.50–10.49)

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

*2 h PPG(mmol/l)

12.49 (9.61–15.74)

13.23(9.93–16.51)

13.76(10.68–17.21)

14.26 (11.00–17.80)

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

HbA1C (%)

8.95 ± 2.20

8.77 ± 2.22

9.13 ± 2.32

9.14 ± 2.36

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

HbA1C < 7% (n, %)

347 (19.5%)

433(24.1%)

373(20.1%)

333 (19.1%)

0.001

0.001

GA(%)

19.00 (16.20–23.00)

21.50(18.00–26.00)

26.00(21.00–31.00)

43.00 (30.00–330.83)

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

*FCP (ng/mL)

2.05 (1.38–2.87)

1.87(1.26–2.64)

1.62(1.04–2.36)

1.67 (0.98–2.54)

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

*2 h C-P (ng/mL)

4.63 (2.75–6.74)

4.37(2.62–6.25)

3.42(2.07–5.53)

3.71 (1.95–5.87)

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

*TG (mmol/l)

1.62 (1.14–2.41)

1.46(1.03–2.14)

1.33(0.92–1.96)

1.33 (0.93–1.98)

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

TC (mmol/l)

4.90 ± 1.20

4.78 ± 1.13

4.73 ± 1.15

4.78 ± 1.13

 < 0.001

0.008

HDL-C (mmol/l)

1.10 ± 0.29

1.11 ± 0.28

1.16 ± 0.33

1.16 ± 0.33

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

LDL-C (mmol/l)

3.12 ± 0.99

3.06 ± 0.95

3.02 ± 0.93

3.01 ± 0.90

0.001

0.018

Albumin (g/l)

42.7 ± 4.12

43.2 ± 3.55

43.2 ± 3.65

41.9 ± 4.00

 < 0.001

0.014

*Cr (μmol/l)

63.0 (52.0–76.0)

65.0 (54.0–77.0)

65.0 (54.0–79.0)

67.0 (55.0–80.0)

 < 0.001

0.122

*SUA (μmol/l)

324 (272–385)

312 (256–371)

300 (245–363)

298 (248–360)

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

*UAE (mg/24 h)

13.99 (7.34–58.51)

11.53 (6.85–31.96)

11.03 (6.65–24.45)

11.80 (6.99–28.46)

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

*eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m²)

114.0 (93.4–136.9)

109.9 (89.4–134.7)

109.9 (91.5–134.1)

106.5 (87.1–128.6)

 < 0.001

0.18

*CRP (mg/l)

1.36 (0.63–3.14)

1.11 (0.50–2.69)

1.03 (0.45–2.57)

1.20 (0.51–3.42)

 < 0.001

 < 0.001