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Table 2 Predictors of outcomes in diabetic patients hospitalized for COVID-19

From: Predictive markers for clinical outcomes in a cohort of diabetic patients hospitalized for COVID-19

 

Mortality

Length of hospitalization

Respiratory failure

Need of oxygen therapy

Variable

Interval (by quintiles)

HR (95%CI)

P

SHR (95%CI)

P

OR (95%CI)

P

OR (95%CI)

P

Glucose (mg/dL)

56–102

Reference

–

Reference

–

Reference

–

Reference

–

103–133

1.70 (0.62 – 4.70)

0.3

0.73 (0.48 – 1.13)

0.2

0.98 (0.43 – 2.27)

1

1.00 (0.44 – 2.23)

0.9

134–164

1.64 (0.60 – 4.49)

0.3

0.72 (0.46 – 1.11)

0.1

1.81 (0.77 – 4.27)

0.2

1.92 (0.89 – 4.15)

0.1

165–220

3.86 (1.50 – 9.92)

0.005

0.70 (0.43 – 1.12)

0.1

1.44 (0.62 – 3.36)

0.4

1.26 (0.59 – 2.69)

0.5

221–452

4.71 (1.87 – 11.9)

0.001

0.53 (0.33 – 0.84)

0.008

1.63 (0.70 – 3.82)

0.3

1.26 (0.59 – 2.71)

0.5

WBC (103/μL)

1.97–5.22

Reference

–

Reference

–

Reference

–

Reference

–

5.23–6.54

1.34 (0.45 – 4.01)

0.6

1.16 (0.79 – 1.70)

0.2

0.70 (0.32 – 1.52)

0.4

0.80 (0.38 – 1.68)

0.6

6.55–8.10

1.68 (0.58 – 4.89)

0.3

0.85 (0.57 – 1.28)

0.8

0.83 (0.38 – 1.83)

0.6

0.93 (0.45 – 1.91)

0.8

8.11–11.10

2.50 (0.96 – 6.49)

0.059

0.65 (0.44 – 0.96)

0.031

1.50 (0.66 – 3.41)

0.3

1.58 (0.77 – 3.25)

0.2

11.11–45.18

7.11 (2.96 – 17.1)

 < 0.001

0.29 (0.17 – 0.49)

 < 0.001

2.08 (0.87 – 4.99)

0.1

1.76 (0.85 – 3.64)

0.1

Absolute neutrophil count (103/μL)

0.45–3.12

Reference

–

Reference

–

Reference

–

Reference

–

3.13–4.35

6.64 (0.80 – 55.4)

0.08

0.89 (0.63 – 1.26)

0.5

0.68 (0.31 – 1.50)

0.3

0.80 (0.37 – 1.70)

0.6

4.36–5.92

6.97 (0.81 – 60.1)

0.08

0.96 (0.67 – 1.36)

0.8

0.85 (0.39 – 1.86)

0.7

1.36 (0.63 – 2.55)

0.4

5.93–9.08

25.0 (3.31 – 188.2)

0.002

0.48 (0.32 – 0.72)

 < 0.001

1.33 (0.59 – 3.02)

0.5

1.59 (0.85 – 3.41)

0.2

9.09–42.74

50.1 (6.80 – 369.5)

 < 0.001

0.21 (0.12 – 0.38)

 < 0.001

2.34 (0.95 – 5.75)

0.065

2.12 (0.98 – 4.01)

0.048

Absolute lymphocyte count (103/μL)

0.09–0.66

Reference

–

Reference

–

Reference

–

Reference

–

0.67–0.98

0.53 (0.30 – 0.94)

0.03

2.38 (1.30 – 4.35)

0.005

0.65 (0.27 – 1.60)

0.4

0.64 (0.31 – 1.32)

0.2

0.99–1.43

0.22 (0.09 – 0.50)

 < 0.001

4.11 (2.31 – 7.31)

 < 0.001

0.32 (0.13 – 0.76)

0.010

0.46 (0.22 – 0.97)

0.040

1.44–1.79

0.09 (0.03 – 0.29)

 < 0.001

4.15 (2.39 – 7.21)

 < 0.001

0.48 (0.20 – 1.18)

0.1

0.49 (0.23 – 1.03)

0.061

1.80–6.45

0.08 (0.02 – 0.27)

 < 0.001

3.61 (2.09 – 6.25)

 < 0.001

0.39 (0.16 – 0.95)

0.039

0.35 (0.16 – 0.76)

0.008

Absolute monocyte count (103/μL)

0.10–0.38

Reference

–

Reference

–

Reference

–

Reference

–

0.39–0.50

0.54 (0.27 – 1.11)

0.09

2.22 (1.37 – 3.60)

0.001

0.34 (0.15 – 0.81)

0.014

0.36 (0.17 – 0.75)

0.006

0.51–0.64

0.47 (0.23 – 0.98)

0.044

1.92 (1.22 – 3.03)

0.005

0.49 (0.20 – 1.15)

0.1

0.58 (0.29 – 1.16)

0.1

0.65–0.82

0.25 (0.09 – 0.65)

0.005

2.65 (1.70 – 4.14)

 < 0.001

0.28 (0.12 – 0.65)

0.003

0.41 (0.20 – 0.85)

0.017

0.83–1.89

0.63 (0.32 – 1.24)

0.2

1.63 (1.03 – 2.57)

0.035

0.61 (0.25 – 1.48)

0.3

0.43 (0.21 – 0.90)

0.024

Absolute eosinophil count (103/μL)

0.00–0.00

Reference

–

Reference

–

Reference

–

Reference

–

0.01–0.04

0.51 (0.27 – 0.95)

0.034

2.10 (1.18 – 3.74)

0.011

0.67 (0.27 – 1.68)

0.4

0.75 (0.36 – 1.54)

0.4

0.05–0.12

0.10 (0.04 – 0.25)

 < 0.001

2.84 (1.58 – 5.14)

0.001

0.37 (0.16 – 0.86)

0.021

0.65 (0.32 – 1.29)

0.2

0.12–0.20

0.11 (0.04 – 0.28)

 < 0.001

3.75 (2.23 – 6.30)

 < 0.001

0.45 (0.19 – 1.08)

0.072

0.80 (0.40 – 1.61)

0.5

0.21–1.71

0.06 (0.02 – 0.18)

 < 0.001

3.06 (1.85 – 5.05)

 < 0.001

0.25 (0.10 – 0.59)

0.002

0.36 (0.17 – 0.80)

0.008

Absolute basophil count (103/μL)

0.00–0.01

Reference

–

Reference

–

Reference

–

Reference

–

0.02–0.02

0.99 (0.51 – 1.92)

1

1.02 (0.64 – 1.64)

0.9

0.38 (0.18 – 0.82)

0.014

0.59 (0.30 – 1.19)

0.1

0.03–0.03

0.21 (0.07 – 0.59)

0.003

1.48 (1.02 – 2.14)

0.037

0.43 (0.20 – 0.92)

0.030

0.54 (0.27 – 1.06)

0.07

0.04–0.05

0.56 (0.27 – 1.20)

0.1

1.03 (0.69 – 1.55)

0.9

0.54 (0.25 – 1.17)

0.1

0.84 (0.43 – 1.64)

0.6

0.06–0.18

0.44 (0.20 – 0.96)

0.038

0.84 (0.55 – 1.28)

0.4

0.51 (0.22 – 1.19)

0.1

0.66 (0.31 – 1.42)

0.3

NLR †

0.40–1.83

NE

NE

Reference

–

Reference

–

Reference

–

1.84–3.23

0.02 (0.003 – 0.15)

 < 0.001

1.15 (0.85 – 1.54)

0.4

0.56 (0.25 – 1.24)

0.2

0.66 (0.31 – 1.39)

0.3

3.24–5.46

0.11 (0.04 – 0.31)

 < 0.001

1.05 (0.75 – 1.47)

0.8

0.60 (0.27 – 1.35)

0.2

0.75 (0.36 – 1.57)

0.4

5.47–11.10

0.64 (0.35 – 1.17)

0.1

0.52 (0.33 – 0.81)

0.005

0.99 (0.43 – 2.27)

0.9

1.31 (0.62 – 2.77)

0.5

11.11–97.14

Reference†

–

0.14 (0.07 – 0.25)

 < 0.001

4.13 (1.45 – 11.8)

0.008

2.49 (1.18 – 5.23)

0.016

PLT (103/μL)

20–149

Reference

–

Reference

–

Reference

–

Reference

–

150–198

1.56 (0.85 – 2.87)

0.1

0.93 (0.57 – 1.54)

0.8

0.82 (0.35 – 1.90)

0.6

0.62 (0.30 – 1.30)

0.2

199–270

0.63 (0.30 – 1.31)

0.2

1.82 (1.16 – 2.86)

0.009

1.05 (0.44 – 2.50)

0.9

0.48 (0.23 – 1.01)

0.052

271–350

0.44 (0.19 – 1.04)

0.062

2.05 (1.31 – 3.20)

0.002

0.56 (0.24 – 1.28)

0.2

0.51 (0.25 – 1.06)

0.073

351–747

0.39 (0.16 – 0.97)

0.043

2.50 (1.59 – 3.95)

 < 0.001

0.53 (0.23 – 1.22)

0.1

0.42 (0.20 – 0.87)

0.020

D–Dimer (ng/mL)

200–250

Reference

–

Reference

–

Reference

–

Reference

–

251–415

2.27 (0.25 – 20.7)

0.5

0.56 (0.32 – 0.97)

0.040

2.01 (0.67 – 6.01)

0.2

1.20 (0.41 – 3.61)

0.7

416–665

2.27 (0.26 – 19.7)

0.5

0.52 (0.29 – 0.92)

0.025

10.4 (2.55 – 42.5)

0.001

3.77 (1.25 – 11.4)

0.018

666–2467

4.06 (0.50 – 33.1)

0.2

0.41 (0.23 – 0.75)

0.004

4.46 (1.36 – 14.6)

0.013

5.02 (1.66 – 15.2)

0.004

2468–16781

6.94 (0.89 – 54.2)

0.065

0.26 (0.12 – 0.56)

0.001

3.50 (1.01 – 12.2)

0.048

2.01 (0.62 – 6.54)

0.2

Fibrinogen (mg/dL)

105–303

Reference

–

Reference

–

Reference

–

Reference

–

304–405

2.20 (0.77 – 6.29)

0.1

1.21 (0.79 – 1.88)

0.4

1.20 (0.47 – 3.07)

0.7

0.95 (0.41 – 2.20)

0.9

406–487

1.33 (0.48 – 3.72)

0.6

1.06 (0.70 – 1.61)

0.8

0.72 (0.30 – 1.75)

0.5

0.47 (0.20 – 1.08)

0.075

488–596

1.10 (0.35 – 3.43)

0.9

1.39 (0.92 – 2.09)

0.1

1.03 (0.42 – 2.55)

0.9

0.62 (0.27 – 1.40)

0.2

597–1113

3.12 (1.22 – 7.92)

0.017

0.66 (0.38 – 1.12)

0.1

3.66 (1.23 – 10.9)

0.020

1.41 (0.63 – 3.17)

0.4

CRP (mg/L)

0.3–3.4

Reference

–

Reference

–

Reference

–

Reference

–

3.4–9.3

0.86 (0.05 – 13.8)

0.9

1.11 (0.82 – 1.49)

0.5

0.65 (0.30 – 1.43)

0.3

0.51 (0.24 – 1.09)

0.08

9.3–25.7

6.81 (0.85 – 54.8)

0.072

0.74 (0.52 – 1.04)

0.08

1.55 (0.68 – 3.54)

0.3

0.93 (0.45 – 1.89)

0.8

25.7–78.6

18.4 (2.42 – 140.3)

0.005

0.69 (0.44 – 1.07)

0.1

1.16 (0.51 – 2.61)

0.7

0.87 (0.42 – 1.83)

0.7

78.6–435.4

53.4 (7.19 – 397.1)

 < 0.001

0.12 (0.06 – 0.23)

 < 0.001

2.56 (1.02 – 6.40)

0.045

2.10 (0.99 – 4.47)

0.053

PCT (ng/mL)

0.10–0.10

Reference

–

Reference

–

Reference

–

Reference

–

0.11–0.12

NE

NE

2.61 (1.52 – 4.48)

0.001

1.18 (0.20 – 6.95)

0.9

3.09 (0.74 – 12.9)

0.1

0.12 – 0.30

1.61 (0.52 – 4.97)

0.4

0.83 (0.48 – 1.43)

0.5

0.77 (0.28 – 2.11)

0.6

1.28 (0.55 – 2.99)

0.6

0.31 – 0.62

3.43 (1.28 – 9.20)

0.014

0.45 (0.24 – 0.83)

0.011

2.91 (0.83 – 10.2)

0.1

2.62 (1.11 – 6.18)

0.028

0.63 – 21.20

3.42 (1.27 – 9.18)

0.015

0.39 (0.21 – 0.72)

0.002

1.52 (0.50 – 4.57)

0.5

3.15 (1.33 – 7.47)

0.009

Ferritin (μg/L)

18 – 241

Reference

–

Reference

–

Reference

–

Reference

–

242 – 449

3.11 (0.85 – 11.3)

0.085

0.76 (0.50 – 1.16)

0.2

1.33 (0.55 – 3.25)

0.6

1.40 (0.62 – 3.20)

0.4

450 – 680

4.19 (1.15 – 15.2)

0.029

0.80 (0.53 – 1.22)

0.3

1.75 (0.73 – 4.20)

0.2

1.73 (0.78 – 3.84)

0.2

681 – 1285

4.59 (1.29 – 16.3)

0.018

0.64 (0.42 – 0.98)

0.041

2.44 (0.97 – 6.13)

0.058

2.65 (1.20 – 5.87)

0.016

1286 – 10477

5.22 (1.45 – 18.8)

0.011

0.69 (0.42 – 1.13)

0.1

1.90 (0.75 – 4.82)

0.2

1.66 (0.73 – 3.78)

0.2

LDH (U/L)

136 – 213

Reference

–

Reference

–

Reference

–

Reference

–

214 – 250

0.40 (0.08 – 2.08)

0.3

0.97 (0.63 – 1.47)

0.9

1.06 (0.47 – 2.41)

0.9

0.80 (0.37 – 1.72)

0.6

251 – 299

1.32 (0.43 – 4.08)

0.6

0.79 (0.51 – 1.22)

0.3

1.33 (0.59 – 2.98)

0.5

0.98 (0.46 – 2.09)

1

300 – 391

1.97 (0.69 – 5.63)

0.2

0.59 (0.37 – 0.94)

0.026

1.43 (0.63 – 3.26)

0.4

1.25 (0.58 – 2.71)

0.6

392 – 1092

5.20 (2.00 – 13.5)

0.001

0.19 (0.10 – 0.35)

 < 0.001

8.96 (2.75 – 29.2)

 < 0.001

2.68 (1.25 – 5.74)

0.011

Creatinine (mg/dL)

0.39 – 0.76

Reference

–

Reference

–

Reference

–

Reference

–

0.77 – 0.94

0.78 (0.26 – 2.33)

0.7

1.23 (0.83 – 1.81)

0.3

1.30 (0.56 – 3.02)

0.5

0.94 (0.45 – 1.96)

0.9

0.95–1.23

1.18 (0.44 – 3.21)

0.7

1.24 (0.82 – 1.89)

0.3

0.73 (0.32 – 1.67)

0.5

0.87 (0.40 – 1.87)

0.7

1.24–1.92

1.78 (0.72 – 4.38)

0.2

0.79 (0.51 – 1.22)

0.3

1.10 (0.48 – 2.51)

0.8

0.72 (0.36 – 1.53)

0.4

1.92–11.96

3.23 (1.38 – 7.60)

0.007

0.42 (0.25 – 0.72)

0.002

1.27 (0.53 – 3.04)

0.6

1.13 (0.52 – 2.45)

0.8

eGFR CDK–EPI (ml/min × 1.73 m2)

3.3–32.9

Reference

–

Reference

–

Reference

–

Reference

–

33.0–57.9

0.37 (0.19–0.73)

0.004

2.16 (1.30 – 3.57)

0.003

0.75 (0.34 – 1.65)

0.5

0.59 (0.29 – 1.21)

0.1

58.0–80.9

0.63 (0.34–1.16)

0.1

1.76 (1.02 – 3.03)

0.041

0.75 (0.33 – 1.68)

0.5

0.96 (0.47 – 1.97)

0.9

81.0–96.1

0.21 (0.09–0.52)

0.001

3.07 (1.86 – 5.06)

 < 0.001

0.86 (0.38 – 1.94)

0.7

0.64 (0.31 – 1.30)

0.2

96.2–126.6

0.22 (0.07–0.65)

0.006

2.34 (1.39–3.94)

0.001

0.95 (0.38 – 2.40)

0.9

1.28 (0.56 – 2.88)

0.6

  1. Bold values indicate statistically significant results, where p < 0.05
  2. HR hazard ratio, SHR subhazard ratio, OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval, P p-value of the Wald test on the model coefficient, WBC White Blood Cell Count, NLR Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio, PLT Platelet Count, CRP C-Reactive Protein, PCT Procalcitonin, LDH Lactate Dehydrogenase, eGFR Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate, CDK-EPI Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration
  3. NE the effect was not estimable,
  4. HR, SHR e OR have been adjusted by sex, age and BMI;
  5. Need of oxygen therapy: level 1 only oxygen supplementation, level 2 mechanical ventilation, level 3 invasive mechanical ventilation;
  6. Presence of Respiratory failure: yes, no
  7. All the variables were measured at admission
  8. † The reference class for the association between NLR and mortality was set to the last quintile (in the first quintile no events occurred);
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Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome

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