Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study population

Median HGI (range)

−0.196 (−7.188, 7.875)

−0.906 (−7.188, −0.663)

−0.491 (−0.663, −0.343)

−0.196 (−0.342, −0.039)

0.170 (−0.039, 0.485)

1.156 (0.485, 7.875)

 < 0.001

Age, years

64.88 ± 10.92

62.59 ± 11.45

64.10 ± 10.97

65.71 ± 10.58

66.61 ± 10.446

65.40 ± 10.71

 < 0.001

Male gender

7227 (65.7%)

1640 (74.6%)

1549 (70.3%)

1381 (62.7%)

1342 (61.0%)

1315 (59.7%)

 < 0.001

Medical history

 Current/ex-Smoker

6220 (56.5%)

1372 (62.4%)

1292 (58.7%)

1181 (53.7%)

1174 (53.3%)

1201 (54.6%)

 < 0.001

 Hypertension

7775 (70.7%)

1442 (65.6%)

1503 (68.3%)

1527 (69.4%)

1647 (74.8%)

1656 (75.2%)

 < 0.001

 Diabetes

4157 (37.8%)

527 (24.0%)

390 (17.7%)

515 (23.4%)

961 (43.7%)

1764 (80.1%)

 < 0.001

 Dyslipidemia

5216 (47.4%)

999 (45.4%)

985 (44.7%)

1045 (47.5%)

1084 (49.3%)

1103 (50.1%)

0.001

 Previous Stroke

1899 (17.3%)

321 (14.6%)

358 (16.3%)

379 (17.2%)

392 (17.8%)

449 (20.4%)

 < 0.001

 Previous MI

1122 (10.2%)

179 (8.1%)

217 (9.9%)

196 (8.9%)

246 (11.2%)

284 (12.9%)

 < 0.001

 Past PCI

1589 (14.4%)

221 (10.1%)

281 (12.8%)

300 (13.6%)

359 (16.3%)

428 (19.4%)

 < 0.001

 Past CABG

252 (2.3%)

23 (1.0%)

44 (2.0%)

37 (1.7%)

65 (3.0%)

83 (3.8%)

 < 0.001

Physical examination

 BMI, kg/m2

25.80 ± 3.59

25.60 ± 3.50

25.71 ± 3.62

25.69 ± 3.65

25.85 ± 3.60

26.14 ± 3.57

 < 0.001

 SBP, mmHg

131.43 ± 19.37

129.71 ± 20.77

130.38 ± 18.76

131.25 ± 18.24

132.70 ± 19.24

133.11 ± 19.55

 < 0.001

 DBP, mmHg

75.35 ± 11.89

75.72 ± 12.86

75.37 ± 11.77

75.08 ± 11.40

75.51 ± 11.72

75.08 ± 11.65

0.517

 Heart rate, bpm

72.19 ± 13.14

73.83 ± 14.48

71.76 ± 12.90

70.46 ± 12.00

71.36 ± 12.81

73.54 ± 13.10

 < 0.001

Clinical presentation

 STEMI

1950 (17.7%)

715 (36.7%)

394 (20.2%)

305 (15.6%)

266 (13.6%)

270 (13.8%)

 < 0.001

 NSTEMI

1890 (17.2%)

420 (22.2%)

364 (19.3%)

338 (17.9%)

358 (18.9%)

410 (21.7%)

 < 0.001

 UAP

7164 (65.1%)

1064 (14.9%)

1444 (20.2%)

1558 (21.7%)

1577 (22.0%)

1521 (21.2%)

 < 0.001

Medication on admission

 Antiplatelet agent

4002 (36.4%)

668 (30.4%)

791 (35.9%)

832 (37.8%)

855 (38.8%)

856 (38.9%)

 < 0.001

 ACEI/ARB

3777 (34.3%)

624 (28.4%)

673 (30.6%)

772 (35.1%)

851 (38.7%)

857 (38.9%)

 < 0.001

 Beta-blocker

2443 (22.2%)

385 (17.5%)

474 (21.5%)

495 (22.5%)

562 (25.5%)

527 (23.9%)

 < 0.001

 Statins

3434 (31.2%)

513 (23.3%)

640 (29.1%)

725 (32.9%)

766 (34.8%)

790 (35.9%)

 < 0.001

Laboratory data

 WBC, 10⁹/L

7.20 ± 2.46

7.74 ± 2.98

7.08 ± 2.52

6.91 ± 2.24

6.97 ± 2.08

7.29 ± 2.28

 < 0.001

 Hemoglobin, g/L

135.00 ± 11.00

138.00 ± 24.00

137.00 ± 21.00

134.00 ± 21.00

133.00 ± 23.00

133.00 ± 24.00

 < 0.001

 Hs-CRP, mg/L

2.39 ± 4.25

2.99 ± 9.55

2.15 ± 5.77

2.10 ± 5.82

2.28 ± 5.72

2.63 ± 5.81

 < 0.001

 RBG at admission, mmol/L

7.63 ± 2.07

7.26 ± 2.95

6.83 ± 2.91

6.91 ± 3.14

7.85 ± 3.44

10.63 ± 6.14

 < 0.001

 FPG, mmol/L

5.54 ± 1.35

5.77 ± 2.19

5.21 ± 1.06

5.16 ± 1.24

5.50 ± 1.85

6.94 ± 3.58

 < 0.001

 HbA1c,%

6.10 ± 0.90

5.40 ± 0.70

5.60 ± 0.50

5.90 ± 0.50

6.40 ± 0.80

8.10 ± 2.00

 < 0.001

 Albumin, g/L

38.75 ± 3.97

38.66 ± 4.09

38.84 ± 3.80

38.92 ± 3.88

38.88 ± 3.97

38.46 ± 4.10

0.217

 Creatinine, umol/L

87.36 ± 70.73

90.97 ± 76.07

85.52 ± 61.95

83.41 ± 53.69

90.45 ± 86.61

86.44 ± 70.51

 < 0.001

 eGFR, ml/min/1.73m²

82.91 ± 22.32

83.80 ± 23.25

84.09 ± 20.86

82.89 ± 20.75

81.01 ± 22.69

82.75 ± 23.76

0.001

 TC, mmol/L

4.28 ± 1.06

4.33 ± 1.01

4.28 ± 1.04

4.33 ± 1.07

4.22 ± 1.05

4.24 ± 1.11

 < 0.001

 TGs, mmol/L

1.37 ± 0.36

1.39 ± 0.97

1.32 ± 0.90

1.34 ± 0.93

1.36 ± 0.91

1.45 ± 1.07

 < 0.001

 LDL-C, mmol/L

2.43 ± 0.76

2.47 ± 0.74

2.43 ± 0.76

2.44 ± 0.77

2.38 ± 0.75

2.41 ± 0.78

0.001

 HDL-C, mmol/L

1.08 ± 0.26

1.08 ± 0.27

1.09 ± 0.27

1.11 ± 0.27

1.08 ± 0.26

1.04 ± 0.25

 < 0.001

Echocardiography

 LVEF

0.65 ± 0.05

0.64 ± 0.11

0.66 ± 0.09

0.66 ± 0.07

0.66 ± 0.08

0.65 ± 0.09

 < 0.001

Angiography findings

 LM/three-vessel

5995 (54.5%)

1161 (52.8%)

1133 (51.5%)

1091 (49.6%)

1209 (54.9%)

1401 (63.7%)

 < 0.001

 Proximal LAD

4688 (42.6%)

944 (42.9%)

935 (42.5%)

896 (40.7%)

926 (42.1%)

987 (44.8%)

0.087

Medication during hospitalization

 PCI/CABG

6229 (56.6%)

1352 (61.5%)

1205 (54.7%)

1172 (53.2%)

1182 (53.7%)

1318 (59.9%)

 < 0.001

 Antiplatelet agent

10,317 (93.8%)

2060 (93.7%)

2064 (93.7%)

2074 (94.2%)

2071 (94.1%)

2048 (93.0%)

0.528

 ACEI/ARB

6075 (55.2%)

1234 (56.1%)

1171 (53.2%)

1158 (52.6%)

1243 (56.5%)

1269 (57.7%)

0.002

 Beta-blocker

7509 (68.2%)

1519 (69.1%)

1482 (67.3%)

1426 (64.8%)

1495 (67.9%)

1587 (72.1%)

 < 0.001

 Statins

9907 (90.0%)

1932 (87.9%)

2002 (90.9%)

1994 (90.6%)

1992 (90.5%)

1987 (90.3%)

0.005

Hypoglycemic agents

 Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor

2529 (23.0%)

316 (14.4%)

224 (10.2%)

290 (13.2%)

592 (26.9%)

1107 (50.3%)

 < 0.001

 Metformin

1514 (13.8%)

136 (6.2%)

129 (5.9%)

171 (7.8%)

360 (16.4%)

718 (32.6%)

 < 0.001

 Sulfonylurea

857 (7.8%)

95 (4.3%)

54 (2.5%)

100 (4.5%)

202 (9.2%)

406 (18.4%)

 < 0.001

 DPP-4i

31 (0.3%)

3 (0.1%)

2 (0.1%)

2 (0.1%)

5 (0.2%)

19 (0.9%)

 < 0.001

 Insulin

924 (8.4%)

114 (5.2%)

54 (2.5%)

62 (2.8%)

129 (5.9%)

565 (25.7%)

 < 0.001

 Insulin sensitizer

267 (2.4%)

32 (1.5%)

22 (1.0%)

30 (1.4%)

60 (2.7%)

123 (5.6%)

 < 0.001