Table 5 Adherence to treatment plans and glycaemic control in sub-Saharan Africa
First author name | Year | Study design | Study setting | Study population | Sample size | Measurement of glycemic control | Definition of glycemic control | Generic factor | Specific factors | Measure of association | Point estimate | Lower bound | Upper bound | Association with glycemic control |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yigazu [85] | 2017 | Cross-sectional | Ethiopia | Type 2 diabetes; 18–80 years | 174 | FBG | Controlled (average FBG: 80–130 mg/dL); Uncontrolled (average FBG > 130 or < 70 mg/dL) | Adherence to follow-up | Adherence to regular follow-up | Odds Ratio | 2.42 | 1.08 | 5.44 | Adherence to regular follow-up was associated with good glycaemic control |
Kefale [49] | 2019 | Case–control | Ethiopia | Type 2 diabetes; ≥ 18 years | 169 | FBS | glycemic control (FBS ≤ 130 mg/dl in all these most three recent measurements) | Having regular diabetic care of ˃ 1 month | Odds Ratio | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.9 | Having regular diabetic care follow up of every > 1 month was negatively associated with poor glycaemic control | |
Abebe [89] | 2022 | Cross-sectional | Ethiopia | Type 2 diabetes;  > 18 years | 138 | FBG | Good control (mean FBG:80–130 mg/dl); poor control (FBG < 80 mg/dl or > 130 mg/dl) | Adherence to treatment | Drug adherence | Odds Ratio | 3.08 | 1.22 | 7.08 | Absence of drug adherence was significantly associated with poor glycaemic control |
Demoz [34] | 2019 | Cross-sectional | Ethiopia | Type 2 diabetes; ≥ 18 years | 357 | HbA1c and FBG | Adequate control ( average fasting blood glucose 70–130 mg/dL or HbA1c < 7%); Poor control (average fasting blood glucose > 130 or < 70 mg/dL or HbA1c > 7%) | Low medication adherence | Odds Ratio | 5.10 | 1.18 | 6.55 | Low adherence was significanty associated with poor glycaemic control | |
Kamuhabwa [47] | 2014 | Cross-sectional | Tanzania | Type 2 diabetes; ≥ 18 years | 469 | FBG | Good control (FBG ≤ 130 mg/dL or 7.2 mmol/L); poor control (FBG > 130 mg/dL or 7.2 mmol/L) | Low medication adherence | Odds Ratio | 2.084 | 1.069 | 4.060 | Low medication adherence was significantly associated with poor glycaemic control | |
Kassahun [48] | 2016 | Cross-sectional | Ethiopia | Type 2 diabetes; ≥ 18 years | 309 | FBG | Poor control (mean FBG > 130 mg/dl) | Low medication adherence | Odds Ratio | 5.08 | 2.02 | 12.79 | Low adherence was significantly associated with poor glycaemic control | |
Medium medication adherence | 3.49 | 1.72 | 7.09 | Medium adherence was significantly associated with poor glycaemic control | ||||||||||
Yimam [86] | 2020 | Cross-sectional | Ethiopia | Type 2 diabetes with hypertension; ≥ 18 years | 300 | FBG | Good control (mean FBG:80–130 mg/dl); poor control (FBG < 80 mg/dl or > 130 mg/dl) | Low medication adherence | Odds Ratio | 4.26 | 1.70 | 10.65 | Low adherence to treatment was significantly associated with poor glycaemic control | |
Medium medication adherence | 2.43 | 0.97 | 6.07 | Medium adherence to medication was not associated with glycaemic control | ||||||||||
Mamo [53] | 2019 | Case–control | Ethiopia | Type 2 diabetes with poor glycemic control (cases) and without good glycemic control (controls); > 18 years | 410 | FBG | Good control (average fasting blood glucose of 80–130 mg/dL); poor control (average fasting blood glucose of > 130 mg/dL) | No adherence to medication | Odds Ratio | 0.67 | 0.26 | 1.69 | No adherence to antidiabetic medication was not associated with glycaemic control | |
Fseha [40] | 2017 | Cross-sectional | Ethiopia | Type 2 diabetes; 22–60 years | 200 | FBS | Good (FBS 70–130 mg/dl), Poor (FBS > 130 mg/dl) | Good medication adherence | Odds Ratio | 2.033 | 1.025 | 4.034 | Medical adherence was associated with good glycaemic control (p:0.001) | |
Shimels [75] | 2018 | Cross-sectional | Ethiopia | Type 2 diabetes;  ≥ 18 years | 361 | FPG | glycemic control (FPG: 100–130 mg/dl) | Good medication adherence | Odds Ratio | 1.38 | 0.62 | 3.09 | Good medical adherence was not associated with glycaemic control | |
Tefera [77] | 2020 | Cross-sectional | Ethiopia | Type 2 diabetes; ≥ 18 years | 400 | FPG | Controlled (FPG:80–130 mg/dl) | Good medication adherence | Odds Ratio | 1.61 | 1.04 | 4.79 | Good adherence level was significantly associated with good glycaemic control | |
Intermediate adherence | 0.19 | 0.06 | 0.59 | Intermediate adherence was not associated with glycaemic control | ||||||||||
Teklay [79] | 2013 | Cross-sectional | Ethiopia | Type 2 diabetes; ≥ 18 years | 267 | FBG | Controlled (average FBG: 70–130 mg/dl), Uncontrolled (average FBG > 130 mg/dl) | Good medication adherence |  | 1.469 | 0.732 | 2.949 | Poor glycaemic control was not associated with adherence to treatment (p:0.280) | |
Id [44] | 2021 | Cross-sectional | Ethiopia | Type 2 diabetes;  > 18 years | 394 | FBS | Good blood glucose control (< 154 mg/dl); Poor blood glucose control (≥ 154 mg/dl) | Practice of recommendations | Poor level of practice | Odds Ratio | 1.693 | 1.126 | 2.545 | Poor level of practice was significantly associated with poor glycaemic control |