Table 1 Inclusion and exclusion criteria

Subjects with D-T2DM

Diagnosed with T2DM

Diagnosed T2DM for at least 3 months

Diagnosed with “Dual Deficiency of Qi and Yin Syndrome” according to TCM pattern diagnoses, including the key symptoms: dry throat and mouth, fatigued spirit and lack of strength

Diagnosed with type 1 diabetes, secondary diabetes, gestational diabetes, or unknown type of diabetes

Patients with stage III hypertension or myocardial infarction

Patients with severe primary diseases

Patients with serious complications, such as infection and diabetic ketoacidosis

Healthy Subjects

FPG < 5.6 mmol/L

Healthy and no associated symptoms of “Dual Deficiency of Qi nd Yin Syndrome”

Subjects with a family history of diabetes

Subjects with hypertension or other cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases

Subjects are currently taking medications