Table 1 Participants’ baseline characteristics
Variables | Placebo group (n = 45) | Synbiotic group (n = 45) | P values |
|---|---|---|---|
Demographic dataa | |||
 Age (years) | 30.3 (5.6) | 29.4 (5.8) | 0.44 |
 Height (cm) | 160.2 (5.9) | 161.3 (5.6) | 0.38 |
 Gestational age (weeks) | 26.2 (2.3) | 25.8 (1.8) | 0.68 |
Anthropometric characteristicsa | |||
 Pre-gestational weight (kg) | 68 (10.4) | 63.9 (11.1) | 0.09 |
 Gestational weight at study baseline (kg) | 72.1 (10.7) | 69 (12.8) | 0.14 |
 Gestational BMI at study baseline (kg/m2) | 28.2 (4.7) | 26.4 (4.1) | 0.06 |
Glycemic profile indices | |||
 FPG at study baseline (mg/dl)a | 85.8 (10.4) | 90.5 (11.8) | 0.06 |
 Insulin at study baseline (µIU/ml)b | 12.6 (8.1, 19.7) | 11.7 (8.4, 21.7) | 0.81 |
Dietary intakesb | |||
 Energy (kcal/day) | 1663.3 (821.9, 2550.1) | 1880 (922, 2871) | 0.02a |
 Calcium (mg/day) | 543.6 (83.9, 1915.1) | 778.1 (141.2, 1916.2) | 0.32 |
 Iron (mg/day) | 15.6 (7.05, 35.1) | 18.9 (9.25, 38.3) | 0.31 |
 Zinc (mg/day) | 6.5 (2.2, 13.5) | 7.1 (2.3, 16.1) | 0.21 |
 Vitamin A (mg/day) | 304.4 (87.1, 2651.1) | 301 (40.6, 2457.1) | 0.51 |
 Vitamin C (mg/day) | 90.6 (1.2, 301.6) | 99.5 (8.2, 300.4) | 0.74 |