Exploration of a panel of urine biomarkers of kidney disease in two paediatric cohorts with Type 1 diabetes mellitus of differing duration

Table 3 Comparison between the different subgroups for UfRBP4, Ualb and KIM-1

	Male (n = 46)	Female (n = 34)	p	HbA1c target ≤ 59 mmol/mol (n = 35)	HbA1c target > 59 mmol/mol (n = 19)	p	T1DM- complications (n = 16)	No T1DM-Complications (n = 38)	p	Hyper-filtration (n = 11)	No Hyper-filtration (n = 40)	p
UfRBP4 (µg/mmol)	1.1 (0.5, 1.5)	1.1 (0.6, 2.4)	0.3	1.2 (0.8, 2.0)	1.1 (0.6, 1.6)	0.3	1.1 (0.7, 1.8)	1.2 (0.6, 1.9)	0.9	1.0 (0.6, 1.6)	1.2 (0.7, 1.2)	0.3
Ualb (mg/mmol)	0.5 (0.4, 0.9)	0.7 (0.4, 1.4)	0.1	0.6 (0.4, 0.8)	0.4 (0.3, 1.0)	0.6	0.7 ± 0.5	0.8 ± 0.6	0.7	0.7 ± 0.6	0.9 ± 0.7	0.3
KIM-1 (ng/mL)	0.07 (0.04,0.11)	0.06 (0.04,0.15)	0.7	0.06 (0.04,0.11)	0.13 (0.05,0.15)	0.1	0.06 (0.04,0.12)	0.06 (0.04,0.10)	0.7	0.07 (0.05,0.16)	0.08 (0.04,0.13)	0.5

^aDefinition of Hyperfiltration: eGFR that exceeds two standard deviations above mean GFR of an age-matched normal (i.e., without evidence of renal disease) population, where glomerular filtration rate was determined by inulin clearance [26]. Notably, the prevalence of hyperfiltration was not significantly different between SD and LD-group (p = 0.8)
^{p = p-value}

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