Table 6 For the group with Probable Diabetes in 2014, comparison of characteristic variables between baseline in 2014 and follow-up in 2019
From: Incidence of diabetes and its predictors in the Greater Beirut Area: a five-year longitudinal study
|  | 2014 N = 42 | 2019 N = 42 | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 54.5 ± 11.0 | 59.0 ± 10.9 |  < 0.0001 |
Lifestyle and anthropometric | |||
 Smoking |  |  | 1.00 |
  Never | 9 (21.5) | 9 (21.5) | |
  Current | 25 (59.5) | 25 (59.5) | |
  Former | 8 (19.0) | 8 (19.0) | |
 Sleep apnea index |  |  | 1.00 |
  Low risk | 17 (50.0) | 19 (45.2) | |
  High risk | 17 (50.0) | 23 (54.8) | |
 Any Physical activity | 36 (85.7) | 31 (73.8) | 0.18 |
 Physical activity status |  |  | 0.86 |
  Low | 21 (50.0) | 23 (54.8) | |
  Moderate | 17 (40.5) | 16 (38.1) | |
  High | 4 (9.5) | 3 (7.1) | |
 BMI | 33.3 ± 7.1 | 32.8 ± 7.0 | 0.14 |
 Systolic blood pressure mmHg | 131.6 ± 21.7 | 134.7 ± 22.5 | 0.47 |
 Diastolic blood pressure mmHg | 79.2 ± 10.0 | 79.6 ± 11.0 | 0.87 |
Medication intake | |||
 Anti-hypertensive intake | 17 (40.5) | 29 (69.0) | 0.002 |
 Cholesterol medication | 6 (14.3) | 17 (40.5) | 0.003 |
 Diabetes medications | |||
  None (diet only)   Oral hypoglycemic# | 25 (59.5) 16 (38.1) | 11 (26.2) 29 (69.0) | 0.001 |
  Insulin | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | − |
  Combination * | 1 (2.4) | 2 (4.8) | 1.00 |
Laboratory measures | |||
 HBA1C (%) | 7.4 ± 1.7 | 7.5 ± 1.9 | 0.56 |
 Proportion HbA1C |  |  | 0.29 |
   < 7 | 21 (50.0) | 20 (47.6) | |
  7–9 | 16 (38.1) | 14 (33.3) | |
   ≥ 9 | 5 (11.9) | 8 (19.0) | |
 fasting plasma glucose (mg/DL) | 147.4 ± 44.3 | 165.0 ± 59.5 | 0.04 |
 Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 178.8 ± 66.2 | 185.4 ± 72.8 | 0.42 |
 LDL (mg/dL) | 109.4 ± 39.3 | 105.4 ± 42.2 | 0.53 |
 HDL-C (mg/dL) | 46.0 ± 13.1 | 45.0 ± 12.3 | 0.50 |
 Urine microalbumin/creatinine ratio (ug/gm) | 18.1 (32.8) | 31.7 (56.8) | 0.05 |