Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of the study groups
Characteristics gender | Healthy subjects (n  = 100) | T2DM without CVDs (n  = 100) | P value (healthy subjects vs T2DM without CVDs) | T2DM with CVDs (n  = 100) | P value (healthy subjects vs T2DM with CVDs) | P value (T2DM without CVDs vs T2DM with CVDs) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male (n) | 55 | 50 | 0.481 | 55 | 0.778 | 0.324 |
Age (years) | 52.9 ± 6.9 | 54.3 ± 10.1 | 0.266 | 52.7 ± 10.0 | 0.865 | 0.200 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 26.9 ± 2.7 | 28.5 ± 3.3 | 0.000 | 29.4 ± 3.3 | 0.000 | 0.036 |
Current smokers, n | 29 | 32 | 0.651 | 35 | 0.366 | 0.651 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 121.3 ± 4.9 | 132.7 ± 8.3 | 0.000 | 139.8 ± 11.3 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 75.2 ± 8.3 | 85.1 ± 9.0 | 0.000 | 93.2 ± 8.1 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 4.6 ± 0.48 | 6.70 ± 0.9 | 0.000 | 8.1 ± 1.1 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
2-h postprandial blood glucose (mmol/L) | 5.6 ± 0.9 | 8.5 ± 0.8 | 0.000 | 10.0 ± 1.7 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
HbA1c (%) | 4.8 ± 0.5 | 6.1 ± 0.7 | 0.000 | 7.8 ± 0.9 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 1.6 ± 0.2 | 0.000 | 2.1 ± 0.4 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.3 ± 0.1 | 1.1 ± 0.2 | 0.000 | 1.0 ± 0.2 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
LDL-cholesterol (mmol/L) | 3.2 ± 0.6 | 3.3 ± 0.6 | 0.348 | 4.1 ± 0.7 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
usCRP (mg/L) | 2.8 ± 0.8 | 4.3 ± 1.8 | 0.000 | 6.1 ± 1.7 | 0.000 | 0.000 |