Skip to main content

Table 1 Characteristics of participants by the metabolic syndrome status

From: Association between life-course cigarette smoking and metabolic syndrome: a discovery-replication strategy

Characteristics

Discovery stage: TNCHS study

Replication stage: CHNS study

MetS (−)

(n = 11,676)

MetS ( +)

(n = 3546)

P value

MetS (−)

(n = 7006)

MetS ( +)

(n = 1559)

P value

Age (years)

68.81 ± 7.97

70.18 ± 8.10

 < 0.001

49.08 ± 15.23

55.47 ± 13.12

 < 0.001

Sex

  

0.195

  

 < 0.001

 Female

6217 (53.25)

1,932 (54.48)

3,834 (54.72)

755 (48.34)

 Male

5,459 (46.75)

1,614 (45.52)

3,172 (45.28)

804 (51.57)

BMI (kg/m2)

23.73 ± 2.40

25.92 ± 3.16

 < 0.001

22.67 ± 3.10

26.53 ± 3.33

 < 0.001

Alcohol consumption

  

 < 0.001

  

0.037

 Never

10,853 (92.95)

3,204 (90.36)

4761 (67.96)

1,038 (66.58)

 Occasional

237 (2.03)

101 (2.85)

816 (11.65)

157 (10.07)

 Often

22 (0.19)

10 (0.28)

788 (11.25)

199 (12.76)

 Every day

515 (4.41)

207 (5.84)

641 (9.15)

165 (10.58)

 Former drinker

49 (0.42)

24 (0.68)

–

–

Exercise frequency

  

 < 0.001

–

–

–

 Never

4743 (40.62)

1212 (34.18)

–

–

 Occasional

171 (1.46)

52 (1.47)

–

–

 Often

805 (6.89)

303 (8.54)

–

–

 Every day

5957 (51.02)

1,979 (55.81)

–

–

Dietary habits

  

0.005

–

–

–

 Vegetarian diet

109 (0.93)

19 (0.54)

–

–

 Balanced diet

11,508 (98.56)

3497 (98.62)

–

–

 Meat-based diet

59 (0.51)

30 (0.85)

–

–

Province

  

–

  

 < 0.001

 Liaoning

–

–

572 (8.16)

242 (15.52)

 Heilongjiang

–

–

718 (10.25)

161 (10.33)

 Jiangsu

–

–

890 (12.70)

228 (14.62)

 Shandong

–

–

751 (10.72)

202 (12.96)

 Henan

–

–

772 (11.02)

201 (12.89)

 Hubei

–

–

755 (10.78)

156 (10.01)

 Hunan

–

–

915 (13.06)

169 (10.84)

 Guangxi

–

–

953 (13.60)

105 (6.74)

 Guizhou

–

–

680 (9.71)

95 (6.09)

Region

  

–

  

 < 0.001

 Urban

–

–

2226 (31.77)

595 (38.17)

 Rural

–

–

4780 (68.23)

964 (61.83)

Activity likes: sports

  

–

  

0.837

 Does not participate

–

-

408 (5.82)

87 (5.58)

 Dislike very much

–

–

265 (3.78)

54 (3.46)

 Dislike somewhat

–

–

4187 (59.76)

956 (61.32)

 Neutral

–

–

1,413 (20.17)

307 (19.69)

 Like somewhat

–

–

677 (9.66)

146 (9.36)

 Like very much

–

–

56 (0.80)

9 (0.58)

Components of MetS

      

 Abdominal obesitya

1534 (13.14)

1943 (54.79)

 < 0.001

1542 (22.46)

1283 (82.77)

 < 0.001

 High blood pressure

3806 (32.60)

2729 (76.96)

 < 0.001

2346 (33.49)

1285 (82.42)

 < 0.001

 High plasma glucoseb

2546 (21.81)

2478 (69.88)

 < 0.001

414 (5.91)

741 (47.53)

 < 0.001

 High serum TGa,b

2650 (23.08)

2438 (70.83)

 < 0.001

1308 (18.69)

1318 (84.60)

 < 0.001

 Low serum HDLa,b

1896 (16.64)

2373 (69.16)

 < 0.001

411 (5.88)

709 (45.57)

 < 0.001

  1. Values are mean ± SD and n (%);
  2. MetS metabolic syndrome, BMI body mass index, TG triglyceride, HDL high-density lipoprotein
  3. Abdominal obesity was defined as waist circumference ≥ 90 cm in men and ≥ 85 cm in women; High blood pressure: blood pressure ≥ 130/85 mm Hg or on medication; high plasma glucose: fasting plasma glucose (FPG) ≥ 6.1 mmol/L or on medication; high serum TG: serum TG ≥ 1.7 mmol/L; low serum HDL: serum HDL < 1.04 mmol/L;
  4. aTotals may not add up due to missing values in the CHNS study
  5. bTotals may not add up due to missing values in the TNCHS study
Back to article page

Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome

ISSN: 1758-5996

Contact us