Table 2 Demographic data of the SARS-CoV-2 patients with diabetic ketoacidosis, stratified by treatment outcome (n = 68 studies), 2019–2021
From: Diabetic ketoacidosis in patients with SARS-CoV-2: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Variable | Findingsb | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|  | All (n = 243) | Survived (n = 180) | Died (n = 63) | p-valuec |
Age (years) | ||||
  < 60 | 95 (39.1) | 80 (44.4) | 15 (23.8) | 0.021* |
  ≥ 60 | 35 (14.4) | 17 (9.4) | 18 (28.6) |  |
Gender | ||||
 Female | 95 (39.1) | 80 (44.4) | 15 (23.8) | 0.015* |
 Male | 134 (55.1) | 90 (50) | 44 (69.8) |  |
BMI (kg/m2) | ||||
  < 30 | 44 (18.1) | 32 (17.8) | 12 (19) | 0.338 |
  ≥ 30 | 27 (11.1) | 17 (9.4) | 10 (15.9) |  |
Ethnicity | ||||
 Arab | 10 (4.1) | 7 (3.9) | 3 (4.8) | 0.001* |
 Asian | 13 (5.3) | 8 (4.4) | 5 (7.9) |  |
 Blacka | 45 (18.5) | 42 (23.3) | 3 (4.8) |  |
 Hispanic | 53 (21.8) | 36 (20) | 17 (27) |  |
 Indian | 14 (5.8) | 13 (7.2) | 1 (1.6) |  |
 Bengali | 2 (0.8) | 1 (0.5) | 1 (1.6) |  |
 Persian | 2 (0.8) | 2 (1) | 0 |  |
 White (Caucasian) | 27 (11.1) | 24 (13.3) | 3 (4.8) |  |
 Diabetes type |  |  |  |  |
 Newly diagnosed | 61 (25.1) | 55 (30.5) | 6 (9.5) | 0.000* |
 Pre-existing type 1 diabetes mellitus | 60 (24.7) | 55 (30.5) | 5 (7.9) |  |
 Pre-existing type 2 diabetes mellitus | 60 (24.7) | 42 (23.3) | 24 (38.1) |  |
Use of SGLT2 inhibitors | ||||
 Yes | 8 (3.3) | 6 (3.3) | 2 (3.2) | 0.000* |
 No | 185 (76.1) | 149 (82.8) | 36 (57.1) |  |
Blood glucose | ||||
  < 500 mg/dl | 45 (18.5) | 38 (21.1) | 7 (11.1) | 0.048* |
 Between 500–1000 mg/dl | 61 (25.1) | 44 (24.4) | 17 (27) |  |
  > 1000 mg/dl | 13 (5.3) | 6 (3.3) | 7 (11.1) |  |
HbA1c (%) | ||||
  < 10 | 24 (9.9) | 17 (9.4) | 6 (9.5) | 0.096 |
  ≥ 10 | 69 (28.4) | 57 (31.7) | 12 (19) |  |
pH | ||||
  > 7.35 | 8 (3.3) | 7 (3.9) | 1 (1.6) | 0.047* |
 Between 7–7.34 | 78 (32.1) | 58 (32.2) | 20 (31.7) |  |
  < 7 | 29 (11.9) | 18 (10) | 11 (17.5) |  |
Bicarbonate (mmol/l) | ||||
 Above 20 | 3 (1.2) | 2 (1.1) | 1 (1.6) | 0.818 |
 Between 12–20 | 40 (16.5) | 29 (16.1) | 11 (17.5) |  |
 Between 2–11 | 69 (28.4) | 54 (30) | 15 (23.8) |  |
Anion gap (mEq/l) | ||||
 Between 12–20 | 26 (10.7) | 22 (12.2) | 4 (6.3) | 0.327 |
 Between 21–30 | 39 (16) | 29 (16.1) | 10 (15.9) |  |
 Between 31–50 | 20 (8.2) | 12 (6.7) | 8 (12.7) |  |