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Table 2 Results of multivariate GLM analysis showing the associations between biomarkers and diagnosis of prediabetes while adjusting for background variables

From: The immune-opioid axis in prediabetes: predicting prediabetes with insulin resistance by plasma interleukin-10 and endomorphin-2 to kappa-opioid receptors ratio

Type

Dependent variable

Explanatory variable

F

df

p

Partial η2

Multivariate

IL-10,

zLn βEP,

zLn (βEP/MOR), zLn IL-6, zLnMOR, zLnEM2, zLnKOR,

zLn (EM2/KOR)

Diagnosis

2.203

16/212

0.045

0.192

Sex

0.450

8/156

0.867

0.046

Age

1.138

8/156

0.351

0.109

BMI

1.803

8/156

0.102

0.163

Smoking

0.604

8/156

0.750

0.061

Physical activity

0.798

8/156

0.612

0.084

HbA1c

1.076

8/156

0.389

0.104

Glucose

0.801

8/156

0.590

0.079

Insulin

0.851

8/156

0.550

0.084

I/G

0.968

8/156

0.462

0.094

HOMA2%S

0.495

8/156

0.835

0.051

HOMA2IR

0.841

8/156

0.558

0.083

zLnHOMA2%B

1.177

8/156

0.328

0.112

Dyslipidemia

0.020

8/156

0.966

0.001

Tests of Between-Subjects Effects

Diagnosis

IL-10

2.102

2/163

0.152

0.029

Diagnosis

zLnβEP

5.128

2/163

0.027

0.067

Diagnosis

zLn(βEP/MOR)

0.884

2/163

0.350

0.012

Diagnosis

zLn IL-6

0.202

2/163

0.654

0.003

Diagnosis

zLnMOR

1.131

2/163

0.291

0.016

Diagnosis

zLnEM2

0.003

2/163

0.957

0.001

Diagnosis

zLnKOR

3.745

2/163

0.057

0.050

Diagnosis

zLn (EM2/KOR)

2.213

2/163

0.141

0.030

  1. zLn: z-score of the natural logarithm; FPG: fasting plasma glucose; IL: interleukin; KOR: κ-opioid receptor; MOR: µopioid receptor; EM2: Endomorphin-2; βEP: β-endorphin